6 Echin. 
XIV. ECHINODERMA. 
as ever, but the only definite study of a case is that by Kerforne (134), 
see ii, b, ii, d, 1 . 
C. The true functions of the pedicellariae seem at last to have been 
determined by Uexkull (234, see under m, d, v, a), who presents the 
results of his physiological studies in an exhaustive paper ; the fact that a 
pedicellaria will not grip on to a portion of a sea-urchin of the same 
species is termed ‘ autodermophily,’ and ascribed to an actual substance in 
the skin. The same author investigates the movements of the Echinoid 
spine (235). An interesting study of the curious power that Holo- 
thurians have of distilling their skin “almost to jelly with the act of 
fear” has been made by Lindemann (146), whose observations agree 
with those of Schoenlein (210) on muscular tonus. A very interesting 
and valuable paper on the bionomics and physiology of Synapta is that by 
Clark (57). 
D. Lo Bianco’s notes (147) on the animals of the Bay of Naples, 
though dealing chiefly with the breeding period, contain much of interest 
in general bionomics. Similar information is given in Allen’s account 
(8) of the fauna of a tract in the English Channel. As usual this section 
of the Record indexes a large amount of very varied information, often 
gleaned from the most unpromising sources. Mead’s report on Asterias, 
though strictly practical and economic, contains interesting notes on bio¬ 
nomics, regeneration, and reproduction ; it is curious to learn that a 
starfish can live without a madreporite for at least five months, while the 
induction from a long series of experiments, that the arms alone cannot 
regenerate the disc, and that a starfish torn in half does not become two 
starfish, is of no less scientific than practical importance. The notes 
in the rest of the Rhode Island report are worthy of attention (218, 219), 
as also is the cognate paper by Field (86). 
F. The structure of Echinoderm ova and spermatozoa is of interest to 
the general biologist rather than to the specialist on Echinoderms. 
Turning to Embryology we find Goto’s conclusions from Asterias pallida 
criticised by MacBride (164), but to some extent confirmed by Grave 
(110), whose account of the early development of Ophiura raises many 
important questions. The note by MacBride (166) on the early develop¬ 
ment of Echinus makes one hope that the full account will not be long in 
coming. A serious study of the post-larval growth-stages of Ophiuroids 
has been entered on by Ludwig (159), and seems at first sight to support 
the calycinal theory. Jackson’s interesting memoir (127), arising out of 
his work on the post-larval growth-stages of Echinoids, brings facts from 
many animals and plants to illustrate ‘localized stages in development,’ 
which appear to be the same as the ‘ stages of individual morphogenesis ’ 
of Buckman & Bather, Zool. Anz. 1892. 
The experimental work on Echinoderm ova tends to show that segmen¬ 
tation results from the addition to the ovum of some unorganized sub¬ 
stance, whether an enzyme or merely certain ions. The sensational 
results of Loeb (150, 152) have, however, been criticised by Morgan (178). 
Akin to these studies are the observations of Vernon (240) on the effect 
of staleness of the gonads. 
III. A. The evidence of Echinoderms is marshalled against the bipolar 
hypothesis by Ortmann (187) & Thompson (230). Faunal studies are 
numerous ; for Scandinavia see Nordgaard, Bidenkap, & Lonnberg ; 
for a portion of the English Channel, the exhaustive paper by Allen (8); 
for the Adriatic, Condorelli (61) ; for the W. Indies, Sonthonnax (217), 
Arango y Molina (19), Clark (56), & Verrill (244) ; for the Zanzibar 
region, Ludwig (158); for Funafuti, Bedford (29), Bell (33), & Hedley 
(118a). Herouard (120, 121) & R. Perrier (191) describe Atlantic Holo- 
thurians ; Verrill (243) deals with Atlantic Asteroidea ; Koehler (142) 
publishes the complete figures of the deep-sea Ophiuroidea of the Indian 
