38 Echin. 
XIV. ECHINODERMA. 
p. 737.—4-rayed and 6-rayed Odontaster hispidus (p. 207), 
Plutonaster agassizi (p. 211) ; Verrill (243).— 6-rayed Linckia 
ehrenbergi (p. 542), Ophiactis savignyi ( p. 545); Ludwig (158;.— 
6-rayed Ophiocoma pumila ; Clark (56), p. 118.—6-rayed Ophi- 
othrix galapagensis ; Lutkex & Mortexsex (162) p. 182.— 
6-rayed Astroschema oligactes ; Verrill (244) p. 77.— Hemi- 
cosmites laevior, 7 instead of 6 infralaterals ; Jaekel .130; 
p. 309. 
2. Reduplication or absence of parts :—in number of Polian 
vesicles and stone-canals, presence or absence of Cuvierian 
organs, in Holothuria atra (p. 147), and II. cinerascens (p. 148), 
of Polian vesicles in Synapta ooplax (p. 141); Bedford (28).— 
In number and symmetry of tentacles in Pseudocucumis 
africana , compared with normal condition of other spp.; 
Bedford (29) p. 843.—In number of tentacles and Polian 
vesicles in Holothuria surinamensis (p. 122), of Polian vesicles 
in Cucumaria punctata (p. 123); Clark (56).—In columns 
of interambulacrals in Melonites and Oligoporus, fewer being 
comparable with phyloneanic, and more with pliylogerontic, 
character ; Jacksox (127).—Accessory madreporite, not con¬ 
nected with stone-canal, in Asterias; Mead A74) p. 73.—2 
interradial marginals in one axial angle of a specimen of 
Benthopecten spinosus in place of 1; Verrill (243) p. 218, 
pi. xxx.—Arm of Actinocr. porteri “ divides into 3 branches at 
once, at the thirteenth joint” [apparently due to regeneration]; 
Whidborxe (250) p. 221. 
e. Abnormalities :—Accessory pores in genitals of Arbacia and 
Strongylocentrotus “a monstrosity...parallel to the normal feature 
of” certain palaeozoic Ech. ; Jacksox (127) p. 131.—In Ast general 
account; Hamaxn (118) p. 737.—Irregular mouth-shields in Am- 
phiura assimilis ; Lutkex & Mortexsex (162) p. 154.—Hyper¬ 
trophy of one half in Gorgonocephalus cliomedece ; Lutkex & 
Mortexsex (162) p. 188.—Abnormal cup in the type-specimen of 
Laubeocr. barrandei ; IVaagex & Jahx (246) p. 31.—Pathological 
individual of Hemicosmites pyriformis with elevated anus ; Jaekel 
(130) p. 309. 
iii. Secondary Sexual Characters 
a. Differences of Form or Structure Vacant. 
b. Differences of Colour :—Vacant. (See under ii, B, ii, c.) 
c. Protection of Young :—In As?., general account; Hamaxx (118) 
p. 627.—In Oph ., list of viviparous spp.; Ludwig (159) p. 230.— 
Brood-chamber and parturition in Pteraster hexactis ; Doederi.eix 
( 78) p. 338. 
(C.) PHYSIOLOGY. 
i. General: —Account of Ast. ; Hamaxx (118) pp. 724-735. 
ii. Circulation : —Fluid in respiratory trees of Holothuria and Sticho- 
pus , affords support for muscular action; Bordas (43). 
iii. Respiration : —Osmosis, respiratory trees, Holothuria and Stichopus ; 
Bordas (43).—Respiration as function of thecal pores in Cyst. ; 
Jaekel (130) p. 120. 
iv. Alimentation and Digestion :—Vacant. 
v. Excretion :—Uric acid and urates in respiratory trees of Holothuria 
and Stichopus ; Bordas (43).—By ciliated funnels and phagocytes 
combined in Synapta ; Clark (57) p. 29.—By amoebocytes in Echino- 
