40 Echin. 
XIV. ECHINODERMA. 
iv. Feeding :—Food of Hoi., Ech., Ast., Oph. found in English 
Channel; Allen (8) pp. 460-476.—Use of pedicellariae in Ech. for 
feeding; Uexkull (234) p. 396.—Feeding of Ast .; Hamaxn (118) 
p. 732.—Food of Asterias, and method of feeding; Mead (174) pp. 42, 
56; Field (86) p. 154, pi. i.—Food of Astropecten (p. 471), Oph. obtain 
food by settling near the food-currents of sedentary organisms 
(p. 472); Lo Bianco (147). 
v. Defence and Protection :— 
a. b. c.—of Ast., short account; Hamann (118) p. 736.—Modes of 
protection against molluscs; Semon (213) p. 509. 
a. Active :—Cuvierian organs as weapons of defence; Russo (203).— 
Pedicellariae in Ech. distinguished as ‘poison-tongs’==gemmiform, 
‘snap-tongs’ = tridactyle, ‘grip-tongs’=ophicephalous, and ‘cleaning- 
tongs’ = trifoliate, their action described and the poison investigated, 
from observations on Echinus acutus, E. melo, E. microtubercularis 
[sic], Sphaerechinus granulans and Strongylocentrotus lividus , also 
pedicellariae of Ast .; Uexkull (234). 
b. Concealment:—Vacant. 
c. Protective Coloration :— Oph. with coiled arms imitate form 
and colour of gorgonian corals on which they live; Merrill (244) 
p. 2.—The brilliant colours of deep-sea echinoderms and other 
animals may be rendered visible by phosphorescent light, and 
therefore may be protective; Nutting (184).—Phosphorescence in 
an Ophiurid, perhaps protective ; Nutting (185) p. 795. 
vi. Locomotion :—Of Hoi., Ech., Ast., Oph. found in English Channel; 
Allen (8) pp. 460-476.—Of Synapta , by body-wall and anchors, and 
by tentacles; Clark (57) pp. 25-28.—Of Ast. general account; 
Hamann (118) pp. 728-730 .—Asterias crawls over greasy surfaces and 
in a very thin layer of water, but not out of water (p. 40), rate and 
distance of migration (p. 41); Mead (174). 
vii. Antotomy and Regeneration:—In Synapta inhaerens and 
roseola , never normal (p. 25), part cut off from head never lives (p. 30); 
Clark (57).—General account of schizogony and regeneration in Ast. 
(pp. 655, 656) and of antotomy (p. 727), addendum (p. 743); Hamann 
( 118).— Effect of mutilation on rate of growth of both original and 
regenerated parts in Asterias (p. 63), experimental study, arms 
regenerated by disc, but disc never regenerated by arms, multiplication 
of individuals by artificial fission highly improbable and never 
observed (p. 69); Mead (174).—Fissiparity in Asterias tenuispina 
(p. 470); Lo Bianco (147).—Regeneration, Linckia ehrenbergi (p. 542), 
Ophiactis savignyi (p. 545); Ludwig (158).—Arm of Actinocr. porteri, 
see ii, B, ii, d, 2 ; Whidborne (250) p. 221. 
viii. Parasites and Commensals \~Myzostoma, species on Antedon 
phalangium and A. rosacea (p. 468), Aclioloe astericola and Ophio- 
dromus flexuosus in ambulacral groove of Luidia ciliaris (p. 471), 
Ophiothrix on sponges or ascidians so as to benefit by their food- 
currents (p. 472), Alepas minuta, Scalpellum vulgare and Perigonimus 
cidaridis (p. 473), Fierasfer in Holothuria and Stichopus (p. 476); Lo 
Bianco (147 ).—Eulima attached to external surface and in buccal 
cavity of Holothuria vagabunda ; Bedford (28) p. 146 .—Fierasfer 
homei in Stichopus chloronotus ; Bedford (28) p. 150.—Ova and 
embryos of a Gastropod, ?parasitic, found “in the usual mucoid (?) 
capsules” of Pseudocucuniis africana ; Bedford (29) p. 845.— Phylla- 
canthus anmdifera, spines quite covered with an incrusting Zoanthid ; 
Bell (32) p. 134.— Arete dorsalis, an Alplieid, lives on oral region of 
Echinometra lucunter on madreporic reefs at Djibouti; Coutiere (62) 
