42 Ech in. 
XIV. ECHINODERMA. 
ii. Economics:—Figures of various Echinoderms for the edifi¬ 
cation of designers; Haeckel (115).—Trepang fishery; Semon (213) 
p. 309.—Increase of Ast. on oyster beds due to capture of surface- 
feeding fish; Editorial Amer. Natural. (81).—Investigation of 
Asterias with reference to attacks on oyster beds and clams, modes of 
protection; Mead (174).— Asterias forbesi as destroyer of oysters, 
how to check it, value as manure; Field (86). See also under ii, 
d, ix. 
iii. Bibliography :—Literature of Echinoderma for 1898, with ab¬ 
stracts; Ludwig (161). 
Chiefly of Atlantic Ast ., with special list of Verniks papers on Ast .; 
Verrill (243) p. 224.—Of Oph., systematic, subsequent to Lyman’s 
Monograph of 1882; Lutken & Mortensen (162) pp. 195-205.—Of 
Antarctic Oph. ; Ludwig (157) p. 27.—Of Antarctic Grin. ; Ludwig 
(156).—Of 1896 papers on Experimental Embryology; Endues (82). 
Of fossil Crin. of Normandy; Bigot (39) p. 71.—Of N. American 
Carboniferous Invertebrates, with list of Echinoderm genera on 
pp. 43, 44, and alphabetical index to spp.; Weller (249).—Palseozoic 
Echinoderms of Indiana, uncritical list of spp., with annotated list of 
literature; Kindle (136) pp. 422-439 and 489.—Of Spanish fossils, 
with list of spp. [vide sub ill, b] ; Mallada (167).—Echinoderm 
fossils mentioned in Bassi’s “ Tabella Oryctographica ” 1757, s.v. 
“ Crustacea,” now determined from the originals in Geological 
Institute of Bologna; Vinassa de Regny (245) p. 493. 
List of published writings by J. Hall; Hovey (124), Stevenson 
(225).—List of palseontological writings by A. Pomel, with remarks; 
Ficheur (85) pp. 215, 221.—List of published scientific writings of 
C. Wachsmuth; Bather (25).—The date of Barrande’s Cystid works ; 
Jaekel (130) p. 59, footnote. — Dates of publication of parts of 
Paleontologie Frai^aise; Sherborn (214). 
iv. Historical, Popular notions, &c.:—History of Echinoderm 
palaeontology, with critical appreciations; Zittel (261) pp. 185, 186, 
805-810.—History of discovery and study of Egyptian Ech. ; Fourtau 
(96) p. 609.—Spines of Cidaris glandaria mentioned by Egyptians 
under xxvi Dynasty, and in other writings of antiquity; Fourtau 
(96) p. 613. — History of opinion and literature concerning pedi- 
cellariae; Uexkull (234) pp. 337-354. — General history of the 
Taxonomy of Ast. ; Hamann (118) pp. 657-666.—History of know¬ 
ledge of Cystidea\ Jaekel (130) pp. 55-63. 
(F.) AUXOLOGY. 
i. General Principles:—Suppression or addition of interambulacrals 
in palaeozoic Ech. due respectively to retardation or acceleration of 
development (p. 131); “Throughout the life of the individual, stages 
may be found in localized parts, which are similar to stages found in 
the young, and the equivalents of which are to be sought in the 
adults of ancestral groups. The equivalents of regressive or pro¬ 
gressive localized stages are to be sought in the adults of degradational 
or progressive series of the group”; illustrations from Ech. and Crin.: 
Jackson (127). 
ii. General Accounts:—Vacant. 
iii. Formation of Gonads :—In Eholothuria tuhidosa and H. im- 
patiens ; Bordas (44) p. 198.—“A special structure or apical body at 
the anterior tip of the head...in more than 40 species” of Inverte¬ 
brates “including Toxopneustes” ; Field (87).—Alveolar structure of 
