BIOLOGY. (II, E: F.) 
Echin. 43 
cytoplasm in ova of Toxopneustes, Arbacia, Echinarachnius, Asterias, 
and Ophiura, and its relations to astral rays; Wilson (257).—The 
same for Echinus microtuberculatus , with general discussion; Al¬ 
brecht (7). 
iv, Oviposition, Fertilisation, and Segmentation :—Breeding 
of Echinarachnius parma, Cribrella, and Oph., Wood’s Holl, May 1898, 
and Ophiopholis at Nahant, May 1893; Bumpus (49). — Breeding 
season: of Synapta at Woods Holl; Clark (57) p. 25.—of Asterias 
in Narragansett B. and at Woods Holl; Mead (174) pp. 44, 48.—of 
Hoi., Ech ., Ast., Oph., Grin., in Gulf of Naples; Lo Bianco (147) 
pp. 469-476.—on W. coast of Sweden; Aurivillius (21) pp. 11-16. 
—of Luidia sarsi; Nordgaard (181) p. 20.—Spawning of Ast. in 
general; Hamann (118) p. 626.— Oph. spawn in afternoon as a rule; 
Grave (110) p. 93.—Migration from deep to shallow water at breeding 
period, Asterias, Asthenosoma ; Semon (213) p. 507. 
Hoi. ova, Falmouth, November and December; Vallentin (238) 
p. 535.—Maturation and fertilisation of ova in Ast .; Hamann (118) 
p. 628.—Ova of Ophiura olivacea, appearance and fertilisation; 
Grave (110) p. 93. 
Segmentation of ova studied by staining during life; Fischel (88). 
—Discussion of Fischel, on basis of foam-structure of protoplasm ; 
Rhumbler (197 a).—A strosphere in immature ova of Echinus micro- 
tuberculatus and Sphaerechinus granularis ; Stricht (225 a). 
v. Larval Stages:— 
a. Plutei at Falmouth in September; Vallentin (238) p. 535. 
b. Larval stages of a Holothurian, popular account; Roule (201) 
p. 127 and text-figg. 
c. Larval stages of Ech., popular note; Roule (201) p. 127.—Early 
development and description of plutei of Echinus esculentus and 
E. miliaris, with figures; MacBride (166). 
d. General account of larval development in Ast .; Hamann (118) 
pp. 628-645.—Habits of Asterias larva; Mead (174) p. 50.— 
Bipinnaria asterigera in Puddefjord in November; Nordgaard 
( 182) p. 14.—Goto’s account of development of Asterias pallida 
[(81) Zool. Rec. 1898] criticised with special reference to primitive 
segmentation of coelom, right hydrocoel, fixation by preoral lobe, 
and absence of secondarily formed spaces in mesenchyme, all which 
statements are reaffirmed by MacBride (164). 
e. Early development of Ophiura olivacea, corroboration of Goto’s 
conclusions from Asterias pallida ; Grave (110). 
f. g, h. Vacant. 
vi. Organogeny 
a. Echinoderma :— 
12. Sexual cells differentiated from peritoneal lining of coelom as 
cellular cords [rachis] in all Echinoderma, but since Crin. have 
primitively a single rachis they, with Hoi., are Monorchonia, 
while Ech., Ast., Oph. are Pentorchonia ; Russo (204). 
b. Holothurioidea :— 
8. Development of Cuvierian organs; Russo (203). 
c. Echinoidea: —Vacant. 
d. Asteroidea :— 
1. General account of organogeny; Hamann (118) pp. 646-655. 
2. Plane of larva and adult in Asterias pallida ; MacBride (164) 
p. 49. 
6. Origin and meaning of the hydrocoel; MacBride (165) 
p. 143.—Right hydrocoel in Asterias pallida ; MacBride (164) 
p. 49. 
