BIOLOGY. (II, F.) DISTRIBUTION, (ill, A.) EcllW. 45 
Echinus esculentus by agitation and filtration, induces segmentation in 
ripe ova [of same spp.?]; Pi£ri (190).— Parthenogenesis in Ech. 
(.Arbacia ),—“mixture of about 50% n MgCl 2 with about 50% of 
sea water was able to bring about the same effect as the entrance of 
a spermatozoon,” viz. segmentation and formation of normal plutei; 
Loeb (152).—Development and growth of Ech . larvae hastened by 
weak alkali (NaHO) checked by weak acid (HC1); Loeb (150) [cf. 
132 Zool. Rec. 1898].—Effect of solutions of Sodium and Magnesium 
chloride on fertilized and unfertilized ova of Arbacia punctulata , 
Sphaerechinus , Echinarachnius parma , Asterias forbesi , and other 
animals, criticism of Loeb; Morgan (178). 
Hybrid larvae,—stale ova of Sphaerechinus granularis x fresh sperm 
of Strongylocentrotus lividus (p. 359), effect of staleness of gonads (in 
Strongylocentrotus lividus) on development; with relative staleness of 
8 and 5; Vernon (240).—Hybridisation; Delage (67). 
Action of excess of carbon dioxide in sea-water on skeletogeny in 
Ech. larvae; Driesch (80).—Effects of various stains on developing 
ova of Echinus microtuberculatus and Sphaerechinus granularis ; 
Fischel (88). 
III. DISTRIBUTION. 
A. GEOGRAPHICAL. 
i. General :—Migration of Echinoderms in larval state; Bather (27) 
pp. 270, 271.—Distribution of Ast., horizontal and vertical; Hamann 
(118) pp. 720-723.—Bathymetric of recent Classes; Grabau (107) 
pp. 345-348. 
Discussion of Ludwig’s reports on Hoi., Crin. and Oph. of Ham¬ 
burger Magalhaensische Sammelreise, with reference to Bipolar 
hypothesis; Ortmann (187).—Discussion of Hoi., Ech., Ast., Oph., 
Crin. spp. which have been adduced in support of the Bipolar 
hypothesis, and rejection of the latter: Thompson (230) esp. pp. 317- 
322. 
ii. Atlantic Ocean and adjacent Seas: —Various localities, Hoi. 
dredged by ‘ Travailleur ’ and ‘Talisman’; R. Perrier (191). 
Scandinavia:—Norway. Puddefjord near Bergen, Bipinnaria asteri- 
gera ; Nordgaard (182) p. 14.—Tromso Sound, Hoi., Ech., Ast., 
Oph. ; Bidenkap (38).—Storfjord, the S.W. branch of Lyngenfjord, 
Ech., Ast., Oph., inch Asterias stellionura, large Henricia sanguino- 
lenta; Bidenkap (37) pp. 84, 85, 99.—Oresund,—general absence of 
Echinoderms from S. portion and Lommabugt, but Asterias rubens 
between Sjollen and Malmo; Lonnberg (153) p. 17 : geographical 
affinities of Echinoderm fauna; Bather (27) pp. 267, 269. 
British Coasts:—Irish Sea, Port Erin, dredgings of Ech., Ast., and 
Oph. ; Chadwick (55).—English Channel, Thirty fathom line from 
Eddystone to Start Point, lists of Echinoderms, with character of 
bottom, associated species, and comparative distribution; Allen 
(8; pp. 390-439 passim, 460-476, 530, 536, and charts v-ix.— 
Falmouth, plutei and Hoi. ova ; Vallentin (238) p. 535.—Devon, 
Salcombe B., Ophioc.nida brachiata ; Norman (183) p. 289. 
From B. of Biscay to Azores and Western Mediterranean, Hoi. 
dredged by ‘ Princesse Alice,’ with n. spp. of Stichopus, Psychropotes, 
and Scotoplanes ; Herouard (120).—ditto, Kolga and Scotoanassa; 
Herouard (121).—New Madeira, 1425 metres, Pentacr. ivyville- 
thomsoni ; Albert, Prince de Monaco (5) p. 313. 
1899. [Vol. xxxvi.] 
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