biology. Spong. 9 
Delage & H^rouard (8) consider the Sponges as a separate phylum 
for which they propose the name “ Enantiozoa.” 
From his observations on mitosis and cleavage Maas (25) concludes 
that the Sponges are Metazoa. 
Evans (10) does not consider the reasons brought forward in favour of a 
separation of the Sponges from the Protozoa as valid and tries to show 
that there are many resemblances between these two groups. 
Przibram (30) considers the Sponges phylogenetically as a branch of 
the Hydromeduse stem. 
Delage & Herouard (8) propose the following classificatory arrange¬ 
ment of Sponges : 
I. Class Calcarea. 
(1) Ordo Homoccelida (Fam.: Asconinse, Homoderminse). 
(2) Ordo Heterocoelida (Fam.: Syconinse, Leuconinse, Eilhardinse, 
Pharetroninse). 
II. Class Incalcaria. 
1. Sub-Class Triaxon iee. 
(1) Ordo Hexactinellida (1. Sub-ordo Lyssacidse, Fam.: Euplectel- 
linee, Asconematinae, Rossellinae, Hyaloneminae; 2. Sub- 
ordo Dictyonidae, Fam.: Farreinac, Euretinae, Mellitioninae, 
Coscinoporinae, Tretodictyinae, Maeandrosponginae, Stauro- 
derminae, Ventriculitinae, Coeloptychinae). 
(2) Ordo Hexaceratina (Fam.: Darwinellinae, Aplysillinee, Halis- 
arcinae). 
2. Sub-class Demospongiae. 
(1) Ordo Tetractinellida (1. Sub-ordo Choristidae, 1. Tribus Sigma- 
tophorina, Fam.: Tetillinae; 2. Tribus Astrophorinae, Fam.: 
Theneinae, Pachastrellinae, Stellettinae, Geodinae ; 3. Tribus 
Microscleropliorina, Fam.: Plakininae, Oscarellinae, Chondro- 
sinae ; 2. Sub-ordo Lithistidae, 1. Tribus Triaenina, Fam.: 
Tetracladinae, Desmanthinae, Corallistinae, Plerominae; 2. Tri¬ 
bus Rhabdosina, Fam. Neopeltinae; 3. Tribus Anoplina, 
Fam.: Azorizinae, Anomocladinae). 
(2) Ordo Monaxonida (1. Sub-ordo Hadromeridae, 1. Tribus Acic- 
ulina, Fam.: Tethyinae, Coppatinae ; 2. Tribus Clavulina, 
Fam.: Spirastrellinae, Streptasterinae, Suberitinae, Polyma- 
stinae, Clioninae; 2. Sub-ordo Halichondridae, Fam.: Spongil- 
linae, Homorrhapliinae, Heterorrhapliinae, Desmacidoninae, 
Axinellinae). 
(3) Ordo Monoceratida (Fam.: Sponginae, Filiferinae, Spongelinae, 
Auleninae). 
Schulze (34) is now of the opinion that the dictyonine and lyssacine 
Hexactinellids are not sharply separated from each other but that there is 
a well marked distinction between the forms with Amphidiscs and those 
with Hexasters according to which the Hexactinellida should be divided 
into the two groups Amphidiscophora and Hexasterophora. He also 
discusses the families and gives some diagnoses. 
Girod (13) gives a classificatory scheme of the Spongillidse. 
