552 Chandler .— Utrimlaria emarginata , Benj . 
turn branches and produces lateral appendages and bladders. The two 
oldest outgrowths (‘ primary leaves ’) develop and increase in size until they 
attain a length of some two to three times that of the original seed, when 
further development, at least for a period, ceases. Investigation remains to 
prove whether these two primary outgrowths develop into ordinary water- 
shoots after the seed has fallen away. Of what physiological importance 
these so-called primary leaves are to the plant it is difficult to determine. 
That they are leaves and not cotyledons Goebel 1 affirms, and he asserts 
that if one be cut off, it will develop into an ordinary water-shoot. In his 
later paper, 2 however, he sees no reason why these two outgrowths should 
not be designated as 4 cotyledons \ though shoots can and do replace them. 
The seedling with its growing points develops rapidly, the water-shoots 
reaching a great length, so that the plant covers a large area in a com¬ 
paratively short space of time, always remaining submerged. 
The general appearance of Utrictdaria emarginata therefore, which 
has been growing some time, is that of a matted mass of submerged water- 
shoots, with here and there flower-stalks arising out of the water. 
The external appearance of the water-shoots have already been 
described. 
The aerial flower-stalk does not develop for some time. In its origin it 
does not differ from that of Utricularia vulgaris , arising from a bud on the 
upper surface of the main stem. Only one example was seen, for it is 
difficult to discern the small bud on the water-shoot. At the base of every 
well-developed flower-stalk, however, is to be found a bud which in its turn 
gives rise to a flower-stalk, and it is from secondary flower-stalk buds that 
observations and figures were made. The bud arises at the base of the old 
flower-stalk in the axil of the youngest water-shoots formed, and is easily 
distinguishable to the naked eye, even in its young stages, by its solid 
appearance and reddish colour (Figs, io, n, b). It is early differentiated 
into stalk and flower-bud. It develops and in its turn bears a younger bud 
at its base. The old flower-stalk rises to a height of about 15-20 cm. and 
bears about 2-3 small flowers (Fig. 12). The flower (Fig. 13) does not differ 
very much markedly from that of U. vulgaris. The lower and upper lips 
of the corolla (Figs. 13, a , b) and the pouched petal (Fig. 13, c ) are all yellow, 
while the tongue (Fig. 13, d) is white tipped with yellow. 
The fruiting of U. emarginata is somewhat characteristic. While still 
young the fruit is green and opaque, and half-hidden under the persistent 
sepals. Later, however, it increases in size, becoming transparent, and the 
seeds show as dark spots through the ovary-wall. When the fruit is ripe, 
the flower-stalk bends over and lies flat on the surface of the water ; the 
fruit, breaking away from the flower-stalk, opens, and floats on the surface 
of the water, the seeds in mucilage still adhering to the fruit wall. Finally 
1 Goebel: Schilderungen, 2. 2 Ann. chi Jard. Bot. de Buitenzorg, 1890-1. 
