Chandler. — Utricularia emarginata , Benj . 553 
the seeds, freed from the decaying mucilage, sink to the bottom of the water, 
and remain until ready to germinate. 
Looking again at the base of the flower-stalk we find, as in U. vulgaris , 
limited shoots, usually about three in number, with small white protuberances 
(Fig. 11, d). These are rhizoids ; though from the frequent transition at 
the tip into ordinary water-shoots, one might easily mistake their significance. 
The length of these rhizoids are from 5 _I 5 mm - They possess circinate 
ptyxis and usually develop into normal water-shoots after the production 
of five or six rhizoid segments. 
The rhizoid segments to the naked eye present the appearance of small 
whitish protuberances on the main shoot (Figs, n\ d, 15, a). Under the 
microscope they appear as divided into segments, six or nine segments 
being a very usual number (Fig. 16). These segments are caused by the 
dichotomizing of the main side branch of the rhizoid, one portion usually 
dichotomizing however, in advance of the other. 
The rhizoid segments (Fig. 16) are in general shape not unlike those 
figured by Gluck 1 for Utricularia vulgaris , but the individual segments 
are themselves more similar to those of U. intermedia ox U. neglecta , for the 
ends of the segments are not pointed and bristle-tipped as in U. vulgaris. 
The ends of the segments of the rhizoids of U. emarginata , also, do not 
broaden out, but preserve a uniform thickness, though they show a curling 
apex like those of other species (U. intermedia , &c.). The apices of the 
segments are thickly covered with glandular hairs (Fig. 16), but, as already 
remarked, there is no bristle present as in U. vulgaris. 
The rhizoids of U. emarginata , as in U. vulgaris , are very reduced. 
They are metamorphosed water-shoots, and unlike U. vulgaris (according 
to Gluck), the tip in U. emarginata is nearly always transformed into an 
ordinary water-shoot. Up till now, rhizoids have only been found on the 
two species, U. fiexuosa and U. exoleta for the tropical submerged species, 
and the rhizoids of U. emarginata seem to differ in no marked way from the 
rhizoids of these two species. 
Gluck has worked out the function of rhizoids in land and water species 
of Utricularia , and has shown that in the case of submerged species, the 
rhizoids naturally lose their anchoring function to a great extent, and there¬ 
fore become almost or entirely degenerate. The frequent metamorphosis 
of the rhizoids of U. emarginata into ordinary water-shoots should be noticed. 
Examining the tip of even a very young rhizoid, bladders and leaf 
segments are to be seen formed in the usual way by the dichotomy of the 
growing point, one portion of the segment forming a roundish knob which 
will develop into a bladder, the other a more pointed portion which develops 
into a leaf segment ended by a sharp bristle (Figs. 15 b, 20 a, b). Some¬ 
times the rhizoid segments have been changed into bladders and leaf 
Gluck, loc. cit. 
1 
