40 
THIS RURAL NEW-YORKER 
January 8. 
WINDMILL FOR PUMPING. 
J. L. J., Vermont .—For the last two 
years we have been very short of water, and 
have been obliged to drive cows in all kinds 
of weather to the springs in the woods, and 
have found that this by no means pays. 
We have tried to find a spring of gravity 
water that would be permanent, but have 
not succeeded. We have plenty of water 
near the house that is too low to run by 
gravity, but how to get it is the question. 
I have three different powers in mind: the 
gasoline engine, the windmill and tlie hot¬ 
air engine. Which of the three is the cheap¬ 
est, simplest and most dependable to pump 
water with ? The distance to pump will be 
about 500 feet, with a lift of a little over 
30 feet. How large a power should be 
used? 
Ans.'—I f water must be carried from 
a distance of 500 feet with an elevation 
of 30 feet, and J. L. J.’s water supply 
is a good spring, giving 15 to 20 times 
the amount of water he desires, a hy¬ 
draulic ram ought to be the best power 
to use, as this would give a continuous 
flow, and would avoid the necessity of 
going the considerable distance to start 
and stop the motor. If the ram is not 
available and water must be pumped, it 
would seem to be cheaper to dig a well 
at the house, provided water can be se¬ 
cured in sufficient quantity under GO 
feet. The necessary cost of 500 feet of 
pipe, the expense of laying it below 
frost and the greater power required to 
pump the water over so long 'a distance 
make the well the most simple proposi¬ 
tion, provided it is known that water 
can be obtained in sufficient quantity at 
a moderate depth. If the well is out of 
consideration, and pumping must be re¬ 
sorted to, a good steel windmill would, 
in my judgment, be the most satisfactory 
motor to use under these conditions, if 
the volume of water desired is not more 
than would be needed for the family 
and 20 to 40 cows. It would be possible 
to arrange the windmill so that it could 
be thrown into and out of the wind from 
the house without very much expense, 
if that were thought desirable. 
F. H. KING. 
INSIDF WALL FOR CISTERN. 
G. IF. S., Texas .—I have a very large 
old cistern the walls of which are badly 
cracked. Would it be feasible to place a 
concrete wall inside the old wall? If so, 
how should I proceed, and how bold the 
concrete in place while drying, and bow 
thick should I make the new wall? Should 
it be reinforced? Earthen cisterns seem to 
be hard to make stand hero owing to the 
contraction and expansion of t’ e earth. 
Ans. —A concrete lining for the cis¬ 
tern is very readily made. Make two 
circular forms out of boards, with di¬ 
ameters 36 inches less than the inside 
diameter of the cistern. Lay one form 
on the bottom. Cut 2 x 4s of a length 
equal to the height of the cistern wall; 
set these up endwise like staves, tack¬ 
ing them to the upper form near the 
upper end of the staves, seeing that they 
are vertical. This will leave a six-inch 
space between the staves and the present 
wall, which can be filled with concrete, 
building up in successive layers, tamp¬ 
ing every six inches until the space is 
filled. If an abundance of small, clean 
cobblestones are available these may be 
wet and rammed into each layer of con¬ 
crete as it is added, reducing by so much 
the amount of concrete required. After 
standing a few days to set the form 
may be removed and a layer of concrete 
placed on the bottom, about three inches 
thick. After setting, the whole should 
be whitewashed with two coats of nure 
cement. 
A concrete roof for the cistern would 
make the most desirable cover, and if 
this is provided it would be best to make 
the roof before the bottom is laid, mak¬ 
ing the form in such a manner that it 
could be readily taken out after the 
concrete is set. One method would be 
to make a circular wooden form of the 
diameter desired for the opening. Then 
the 2 x 4s used for the form for the 
walls may be cut the proper length to 
form a sloping cone extending from the 
form to the outer wall, ripping these in 
two diagonally, leaving one end as much 
wider than the other as the outer circle 
is greater than the inner circle. The 
wide ends may then be placed on the 
outer wall and the narrow ends on the 
center circular form, supported at the 
proper height. If the diameter of the 
outer circle is 12 feet and that of the 
inner circle three feet the 2 x 4s would 
need to be cut so that the pieces will be 
one inch wide at one end and three 
inches wide at the other. The thickness 
of the concrete for the roof should be 
about six inches, not less. The center of 
the cone should be about 18 inches high¬ 
er than its foot. F. H. king. 
WINTER PROTECTION FOR ALFALFA. 
Much is said and written on this 
subject, much that is correct, and much 
that is without value. It is a question 
often whether it is advisable to leave five 
to ten dollars’ worth of hay per acre, 
on the land, for protection of the plants 
during Winter. In one way it is the 
thing to do, as it leaves something on 
the land to keep up the fertility. This, 
for the writer, would count for more 
than the protection, for it is his belief 
that the condition of the land counts for 
more than the surface protection. Yet 
experience with clover favors a pro¬ 
tection, but in this matter, allowing 
weeds and clover to stand was never 
thought to be of great value, but when 
they were cut off, and allowed to 
lie on the ground, they were a great 
protection. Many farmers who allow 
the weeds and after-harvest growth to 
remain standing on their clover fields, 
are disappointed in results. Not because 
the growth was not a protection, or that 
the abundance of it smothered the clov¬ 
er, but because the clover made seed, 
accomplishing its purpose, causing its 
death. While the coming to perfection 
causes clover to die, it is not true of 
Alfalfa. It is hardly possible for a third 
crop of Alfalfa to be so heavy as to 
smother it. While it is easily smothered 
at the beginning, it is not so easily done. ! 
after the plants are once established, | 
and are well rooted. 
Those who advise protection make the 
claim that the Alfalfa comes on quicker 
in the Spring. There is some doubt 
about this always being true. The kind, 
and the condition of the land, has so 
much to do with this. A friend a few 
years ago had Alfalfa growing on black 
loamy soil, the kind that no water stands 
on. It was his desire that it should have 
a good growth left on the land for Win¬ 
ter protection. But in his absence from 
home, his foreman allowed sheep to feed 
it off very close, so close that it was 
feared the Winter would seriously injure 
it. But such was not the case, as it 
showed no weakness on account of the 
supposed hard usage. Another good 
farmer, a year ago, allowed sheep to 
pasture on his Alfalfa, till it was eaten 
down very close. This last Spring it 
came on very rapidly, and was cut about 
two weeks earlier than usual. The land 
on which this crop is growing, is of 
excellent quality, mainly a dark loam. 
Now, had these crops of Alfalfa been 
growing on clay land, needing draining, 
the results of pasturing as they were 
would have been much different, and a 
crop left on the land for protection 
would doubtless have been of much 
value. An Alfalfa field on this farm has 
in one part a red clay knoll, having 
southwestern exposure, the direction 
from which our fiercest winds blow; 
yet without protection no injury is no¬ 
ticeable. On another part of the field, 
that without tile drainage, about nine 
Winters out of ten the Alfalfa would be 
frozen out, with drainage, and without 
a protecting crop, it stands the Winter 
all right. Another field, sown July 3 5, 
and that was cut October 4, yielded near 
three-fourths ton of hay per acre, and is 
now a splendid stand, four to six inches. 
It has two or three wet spots that will, 
if possible, have a heavy manure cover¬ 
ing to protect the Alfalfa against frost 
action, hoping by Spring to get these 
wet spots tiled, so as to make them safe 
for Alfalfa hereafter. The conclusion 
the writer has arrived at from observa¬ 
tion and experience, is this: That taking 
the water away from the roots of Al¬ 
falfa, is much safer and surer, than any 
mulching or aftermath that can be given 
or grown. John m. jamison. 
Ross Co., O. 
etteffarming 
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EJjgmes 
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Charles A.Stickney Company 
MAIN OFFICE & FACTORY ST.PAUi.'. MINN. 
EASTERN OFFICE.; EMPIRE BLDG..PITTSBURG. PA. 
Cents a Rod 
For 22-ln. Hog Fence; 15 Me for rts^ 
20-lncli; 18 for 31-Inch; 22c 
for 31-inch; 26c for a 47-inch 
Farm Fence. 60-Inch Poultry 
Fence 33c. Sold on 30 days 
trial. 30 rod spool Ideal Barb 
Wire .55 Catalogue free. 
KITSELMAN BROS., 
Box 230 MUNCIE, INO. 
j.V ■ -- 
THE ROSS SILO 
Tho only thoroughly manufactured 
Silo on tho market. Full length stave. 
Continuous door framo complete with 
ladder. Triple bovolod silo door with 
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AIR TIGHT 
Makes winter feed equal to June 
grass. Til K H0SS will more than pay 
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Box 13 SPRINGFIELD. OHIO 
BEFORE YOU BUY WRITE FOR 
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H 
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888 WEST ST.. RUTLAND, VT. 
SILOS 
V 
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Box 11, Cobleaklll, N. Y. 
Try Kerosene Engine 
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Gasoline Prices Rising. 
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HEAVIEST 
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i_ Cleveland, O 
Wm 
Wept. 59 
FROST 
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THE FROST 
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„ THE FllOST wiki: FE1VCE CO. 
Dept. U Cleveland, Ohio 
