1910. 
THE RURAL NEW-YORKER 
7 a 
THE SAN JOSE SCALE.' 
In spite of all that has been spoken or 
printed about the San Jose scale, we 
constantly receive questions about the 
insect. We judge that a large propor¬ 
tion of people do not even know it by 
sight. The Connecticut Experiment .Sta¬ 
tion has issued in Bulletin 165 one of the 
clearest statements we have read. The 
original ■home of the insect is probably 
in China. It was noticed by California 
fruit growers in 1880. It came to New 
Jersey on nursery stock and spread rap¬ 
idly over the East. 
Fig. 24 shows the insect on plum 
bark, natural size. This picture de- 
SAN JOSE SCALE ON PLUM. Fig. 24. 
scribes it about as well as we could 
with words. At first the little grey scales 
will l>e found, arotind the buds or where 
the twigs branch out. Fig. 25 shows 
how the scales gather in a groove or 
hollow on one side of a twig. This is 
magnified, but would be seen like this 
through a microscope. Many specimens 
are sent us covered with other forms of 
scale such as Oyster-shell and Scurfy- 
bark. These are very much larger and 
of such shape that, they can hardly be 
mistaken. These large scales cover the 
eggs, while the Sarr Jose'scale covering 
is over the living insect. Fig. 26 shows 
this insect under the scale. To get this 
view the. scale is lifted by a piii or sharp 
knife. Then, with a microscope, the in¬ 
sect is seen. Of cause this picture is 
greatly magnified. One of the surest 
signs is the peculiar color made by the 
scale on the skin of fruit. Fig. 27 
shows plums marked in this way. In ap¬ 
ples these reddish marks are found near 
the calyx or bud end of the fruit, and in 
some bad cases all over. 
The life history of this insect should 
be understood if we expect to fight it 
properly. It is worked out in this bulle¬ 
tin as follows: 
Both males and females pass the Winter in 
an immature state, and do not reproduce 
until the latter part of June in this lati¬ 
tude. The female does not lay eggs, but 
brings forth living young. The newly-born 
scales of both sexes crawl about for a few 
hours upon the twigs. They are provided 
witli legs, eyes, antenna? and mouth-parts. 
After they have found a suitable place, they 
settle upon the bark, insert their beaks and 
begin to suck the juice from it. Legs and 
SCALE ON TWIG. Fig. 25. 
antennae now disappear in both sexes, and 
the females lose their eyes. At first there 
is a white waxy substance exuded, which 
has somewhat the appearance of wool. A 
little later this seems to melt down and the 
insect casts its skin. The skin, together 
with the waxy substance, forms the be¬ 
ginning of tlie shell or covering. After 
feeding for about four weeks, the insect 
reaches the full-grown stage. If a female, 
it then begins to bring forth its young, 
continuing for a period of about six weeks, 
ihe number of young produced by a single 
female varies from less than one hundred 
in the early part of the season to nearly 
six hundred in late Summer. The male 
leeds until full-grown, passes through the 
pupa stage, and finally the adult comes 
forth from under the shell, provided with 
eyes, wings, legs, antenme and organs of 
reproduction, but with no mouth-parts nor 
digestive system, lie can, therefore, eat 
nothing after reaching the adult stage. Ilis 
only mission is to mate with the female 
and die. The female, on the other hand, 
after becoming established upon the twig, 
loses legs, antenna?, and eyes, never again 
to be possessed of these organs, while its 
mouth-parts, digestive system and repro¬ 
ductive organs become very strongly devel¬ 
oped. It cannot, therefore, move about, but 
feeds upon the juices of the plant and re¬ 
produces its kind. There are three complete 
generations each season in this latitude, and 
probably four in favorable seasons. 
There has been some argument about 
the way this insect spreads from one 
orchard to another. The females crawl 
about a few hours. If the trees touch 
branches the insect cauld pass from one 
tree to another. They are not likely to 
crawl aver raugli ground, but may be 
blown about on fallen leaves. Workmen 
sometimes brush against infested trees 
and carry the insects about, or horses 
may do so. Parings of infested fruit 
may spread the insects. The usual 
method of spreading from one tree to 
another is by other insects or upon- the 
feet of birds. 
In California this scale is largely kept 
in check by other insects, such as lady¬ 
bird beetles. In Florida some success 
THE SCALE INSECT. Fig. 26. 
has been reached through the use of a 
fungus disease which is spread by tying 
wood which carries it to trees on which 
scale is found. These methods do not 
work at the North, and when the scale 
appears the trees must be sprayed. Poi¬ 
sons such as are used to kill the Cojdling 
worm or other eating insects are of lit¬ 
tle use. Something must be used that 
will kill from the outside, either by pen¬ 
etrating the scale or smothering the in¬ 
sect. Nurserymen usually fumigate the 
young trees before shipping by keeping 
■them in- the fumes of hydrocyanic gas. 
We should make sure of them by dip¬ 
ping before they are’planted. Two sub¬ 
stances are used for spraying—"soluble 
oil” or lime and sulphur mixture, both 
of which have been often described. 
Prof. Britton, in this bulletin makes the 
following comparison between the two 
materials. He also adds that aside from 
other reasons the oils are better for use 
on rough-barked trees like apples. 
. The advantages of the lime and sulphur 
mixtures are the cheapness, effectiveness in 
killing shales and excellent fungicidal qual¬ 
ifies. If .the bark lias been well coated with 
this mixture the settles do not .become es¬ 
tablished upon if the following ‘season as 
readily as when the oil mixtures are used. 
There is no injury to the trees, and the 
rubber hose is not ruined. 
The disadvantages are that it is caustic 
and somewhat unpleasant to handle, and if 
the spray strikes the light-colored paint of 
a fence or building it discolors it, forming 
black spots, which disappear after a few 
weeks. It gives the trees a whitish color, 
slightly disfiguring them. Its penetrating 
qualities are not as great as in the oil 
preparations, and on old apple trees having 
much rough bark the latter are often pre¬ 
ferable. The pubescent terminal twigs of 
the apple also can be covered more readily 
with the oils than with the lime and sul¬ 
phur, which tends to gather in drops and 
roll off. Where apple trees are sprayed with 
the lime and sulphur mixture it is a com¬ 
mon experience to find no scales on the old 
wood but enough on the new twigs to infest 
the fruit and spot it noticeably. The lime 
SCALE-MARKED PLUMS. Fig. 27. 
and sulphur mixture corrodes slightly the 
metal parts of the pumps. 
Advantages of the oil preparations are 
that they are pleasant and not caustic to 
handle, and will not disfigure the trees, 
shrubs, or painted buildings. They do not 
clog or corrode pumps or nozzles, and they 
penetrate nicely. A gallon will cover more 
surface than a gallon of lime and sulphur. 
Disadvantages are that, the ingredients 
separate on standing and evaporation some¬ 
times prevents the proper mixing with 
water. Injury has been caused to trees by 
the use of such preparations not properly 
mixed. Scales will set more readily on the 
bark after the use of the oil mixtures than 
where lime and sulphur fs used. It is more 
expensive and is not as valuable as a fungi¬ 
cide. The oils affect rubber, and the hose is 
quickly ruined. 
An Exceptional Issue of 6% Bonds 
Secured by a Thousand Farms 
Here are brief facts about one current issue of Irrigation 
Bonds. They will illustrate what ideal security lies back of 
such bonds when the issues are rightly selected. 
The Bitter Root Valley Irrigation 
Co. owns one of the largest irrigated 
fruit land projects in the world. The 
Company is composed of well known 
men who are wealthy, experienced 
and capable. The land to be -watered 
consists of about 40,000 acres in the 
heart of our greatest fruit belt—in 
the famous apple region of the Pa¬ 
cific Northwest. 
A large part of the valley has been 
under irrigation for many years, so 
the possibilities of the land have been 
demonstrated. Fruit land in the val¬ 
ley has lately sold as high as $1,000 
per acre. 
The water rights are unassailable, 
and the total water supply is more 
than sufficient for all needs. For the 
irrigable land is distinctly limited by 
the mountainous bounds of the valley. 
$2,500,000 Invested 
The Irrigation' Company has in¬ 
vested in the project about $2,500,000, 
or about twice the total bond issue. 
And the bonds are secured by a first 
mortg ge on all the property which 
the Irrigation Company owns. 
The bonds are additionaly secured 
by first liens on the lands and the 
orchards watered. These liens are 
given by individual land owners in 
payment for the land and the water 
rights. Forty per cent of the price 
is paid down, and the balance, se¬ 
cured by the liens, is payable in an¬ 
nual installments. 
To secure each $1,000 bond there 
are deposited with a Trust Company 
as trustee $1,400 of these first liens 
on farm land. 
The average price at which this 
land has been sold is about $200 per 
acre. The minimum price at present 
is $250 per acre. Yet the bond issue 
is limited to $30 per acre, or to less 
than one-sixtli the average selling 
price of the land. 
Double Security 
Thus the bonds have double secur¬ 
ity. The first is a mortgage on all 
the property which the Irrigation 
Company owns, and the Company’s in¬ 
vestment is nearly twice the whole 
bond issue. The second security is 
these first liens on farm land—on 
land which is worth more than six 
times the amount of the bonds which 
it secures. 
One can hardly conceive of more 
ample security. Yet these bonds pay 
six per cent interest, because the de¬ 
mand for irrigated land is so great 
that the projects are very profitable. 
Part of these bonds mature each 
year from 1914 to 1919. One may 
have his choice of maturities. 
Ask for the Facts 
In the past 15 years we have pur¬ 
chased 75 separate issues of Recla¬ 
mation Bonds—Drainage and Irriga¬ 
tion. All have been secured by first 
liens on good farm land, and not a 
dollar of loss has resulted to any in¬ 
vestor. 
Irrigation bonds have now become 
the most popular bonds that we 
handle. No other large class of bonds 
offering equal security now pays six 
per cent. 
We have issued a book on Irriga¬ 
tion Bonds, based on all this experi¬ 
ence. Every investor, small or large, 
owes to himself its perusal. Please 
write for the book today. Cut out 
this coupon so you won’t forget. 
First National Bank Building, Chicago 
50 Congress St., Boston 
111 Broadway, New York 
First National Bank Building, San Francisco * 
Please send your free book on Irrigation t 
Bonds and list of other securities. > { • 
$ 
Name __ \ 
' f i.0':- 
City _L_1_ State _ J 
t . 
Name of my Bank ____ _ J 
- 812 S 
First National Bank Bldg., 
(13) Chicago 
50 Congress St., Boston 
111 Broadway, New York 
First National Bank Bldg.; 
San Francisco 
( --s 
Write for this Book 
IT’S FREE 
How 
To 
»» 
Save 
by 
Hon. Leslie M. Shaw 
(Former Secretary of the United 
States Treasury.) 
The First Mortgage 
Guarantee & Trust Company 
Dept. A10, 927-929 Chestnut Street, 
Philadelphia, Pa. 
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A Seed Drill and Wheel Hoe is in¬ 
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I 
