104 
January 29, 
NEW YORK STATE FRUIT GROWERS’ 
ASSOCIATION. 
Part II. 
More Lime and Sulphur Talks. —The 
range of questions asked by members of the 
several experts on spraying matters seemed 
to prove that fruit growers are glad or 
anxious to get rid of the Bordeaux Mixture, 
and equally glad to be saved the trouble of 
using the old pasty lime-sulphur compound 
made after the original formula. The com¬ 
mercial solutions, although they cost more 
than the others, tempt many fruit growers, 
:is they offer an easy way out of a bad 
scrape. They have (or should have) but 
little- of any insoluble sediment, and al¬ 
though being corrosive to some extent, and 
may be hard on the spraying outfits, yet 
they avoid the risks of clogging valves and 
nozzles, and are always ready for use, hot 
or cold. One of the questions was: “Is the 
lime-sulphur spray as effective for black 
rot of the grape as Bordeaux Mixture?” 
and Prof. Whetzel stated that we bad so 
Jit tie black rot last season that the results 
were not clear. Bordeaux Mixture, however, 
did some injury to the leaves. Another 
question was: “Can we do away with the 
Bordeaux Mixture for apple scab?” to which 
Prof. Stewart of the Geneva Station replied: 
“We are not yet prepared to consign the 
Bordeaux Mixture to the rubbish heap. We 
make no recommendations. The experiments 
seem to indicate that we can use lime-sul¬ 
phur in the place of it. But go slow 1” 
Prof. Alwood’s private practice is to spray 
in early Spring with lime-sulphur for apple 
scab and scale, but to use Bordeaux Mix¬ 
ture after the blossoms fall. He thus con¬ 
trols the scab. Whether lime-sulphur can 
be used after the leaves are out. he does 
not know, not having tried it. The early 
sulphur spray is most effective however. 
Prof. Stewart (Pennsylvania) states on 
inquiry that orchardists can make their own 
concentrated lime-sulphur solution; that 
this can be stored and used when wanted, 
hot or cold, and in proper dilution. His 
formula for making it is as follows: For 
one barrel (50 or 55 gallons) get 50 pounds 
of best stone lime of 00 to 95 per cent pur¬ 
ity (calcium oxide), and with smallest 
amount possible of magnesia ; 100 pounds of 
sulphur, common pulverized commercial sul¬ 
phur being as good as the flowers or flour 
of sulphur, and much cheaper. In a 75- 
gallon iron kettle bring 10 gallons of water 
to the boiling point, and slake in it the 
50 pounds of lime. When the slaking is 
well started, add the dry sulphur. Mix and 
stir: then add about five gallons more water 
and keep stirring. Roil and skim, then add 
more water to make 60 or 65 gallons, and 
boil 45 minutes or more to bring the solu¬ 
tion down to 50 or 55 gallons for storage 
density. This can be at once diluted and 
used for spraying, or it may be stored and 
used cold. While stored, it must be pro¬ 
tected from exposure to the air by a film 
of oil or in some other way. 
Arsenate of Lead with Sulphur Solu¬ 
tions. —Much uncertainty seems to be yet 
attached to the question of using arsenate 
of lead in combination with lime-sulphur, 
and the discussions showed plainly that 
“the doctors still disagree,” and this mainly 
for the reason that no chemist lias yet been 
able to tell exactly what chemical actions 
and reactions take place between the two 
compounds when arsenate of lead is mixed 
with lime-sulphur solutions. The experts 
claim that the arsenate ceases to be lead 
arsenate, but enters other chemical combi¬ 
nations, but nobody tells what these are. 
In support of the claim that it does not 
cease to be effective, however, Prof. Parrott 
says arsenate of lead has been used with 
weak lime-sulphur solutions for Potato bee¬ 
tles. Codling worms, etc., with satisfactory 
results, at the rate of three pounds to 50 
gallons: and Prof. Whetzel says that the 
combination, mixed in the proportion men¬ 
tioned. has been used for the Codling worm 
with just as good effect as with Bordeaux 
Mixture; and while the arsenate may be 
changed, the evidence seems to show that it 
will kill just the same. According to Mr. 
Van Alst.vne, the question of cost is an un¬ 
important one. 
By-Products of Fruit. —Prof. Wm. B. 
Alwood of the National Department of 
Agriculture, deplores the fearful waste of 
our fruit crops which is still going on, es¬ 
pecially in the great apple producing re¬ 
gions. although the by-products have become 
so important commercially that some indi¬ 
viduals and firms have found it profitable to 
imitate these waste products. Mention is 
made especially of the demand for cider and 
vinegar, and the chances this offers for 
utilizing much fruit now being left to rot 
in the orchard, or worse than wasted by 
shoving on the market with good fruit, 
breaking the market down and spoiling the 
grower’s chances financially. The worst 
competitor the fruit grower has is the 
poor fruit of which hundreds of thousands 
of bushels (apples) are stored and thrown 
on the market. The by-products of the ap¬ 
ple orchard are vinegar, cider, marmalades, 
jellies, apple hutter, etc. Through the pure 
food laws the value of these genuine by¬ 
products has been greatly enhanced. A large 
proportion of the inferior or waste apples 
in this State is annually lost through in¬ 
efficient methods of saving it. Prof. Alwood 
claims that a bushel of apples contains six 
pounds of sugar, that hand cider mills take 
only half of the juice of the apples, leaving 
three pounds of sugar per bushel of apples 
in the pomace, and that even the best power 
presses leave yet five per cent of sugar in 
the pomace: further that the 1.500 tons of 
sugar we annually throw away in the pom¬ 
ace would make 8 . 000.000 gallons of vine¬ 
gar ; that manufacturers prophecy the price 
of good vinegar will rise to 30 cents a gal¬ 
lon. and that apple pomace, now thrown 
away, is as good for stock food as silage, 
and for milk production even better. 
Large firms are now buying up waste ap¬ 
ples and making good money out of them. 
One product is fine cider, bottled. A bushel 
of apples gives 32 pints of cider. The whole¬ 
sale price of such cider per pint bottle, is 
25 cents. This gives $8 for the product 
from one bushel of apples. Does it pay to 
handle it? Imported vinegar, in pint bot¬ 
tles. no better than we could make it here, 
is sold in New York at 35 cents per bottle. 
Mine vinegar is also sold at high prices, yet 
lots of grape pomace is thrown away here. 
A bushel of apples will make 40 pints of 
vinegar. There is a large demand for good 
vinegar, and one of the big manufacturers 
told Prof. Alwood that all his vinegar is 
sold before it comes out of the generator. 
Plant Breeding. —Dr. H. J. Webber, act¬ 
ing dean of Cornell Agricultural College, in 
his lecture on plant breeding, said that al- 
qrHEJ RURAL NEW-YORKER 
though wo have been breeding plants and 
animals ever since we were monkeys, or 
ever since plants are in cultivation, and 
that in fruits breeding can be carried to ex¬ 
cess, yet he feels that we are not doing all 
we can to get better fruits. The Elberta 
peach, for instance, is all good, except as 
to its eating. We would like to have some¬ 
thing better to eat. The problem is how to 
produce something of better quality. As like 
produces unlike, the solution of the problem 
rests in selection, and it is a general law 
that by the selection of the best we can 
improve the breed, or plant. The corn of 
to-day is an altogether different thing from 
what it was even a decade or two ago. So 
with potatoes, etc. All these things have 
been improved. In fruits there is practically 
stagnancy. The principle of selection is the 
one we must apply and in this we have done 
nothing. Most of the good things we have 
were accidental discoveries. The grower has 
left this work of improvement by selection 
or otherwise to the stations and colleges. 
Every practical grower should be on the 
lookout for better things. The fault may be 
in the miscellaneous production of seedlings, 
and the miscellaneous use of scions and 
buds. Buds and grafts are taken from 
nursery trees, and nobody knows for sure 
whether the tree is a good producing tree 
or not, or what kind of fruit it will produce. 
No selection is practical except in taking a 
sound twig. Is it. proper to plant trees good 
for perhaps a hundred years, taking the 
grafts from a tree about which you know 
nothing? A nurseryman told Dr. Webber 
that he would have to ask .$4 or $5 for 
trees when he must graft them with se¬ 
lected scions. What of that? It takes only 
40 apple trees to plant an acre, and growers 
could well afford to pay an extra price for 
selected or high-bred trees. If we cross a 
field of corn, we see great differences in dif¬ 
ferent hills, or different plants. We find 
differences in apples and peaches grown on 
different trees, and we pay no attention to 
them. Whv not? You may have a tree that 
produces best, that gives apples of better 
quality, or size, or color, even if of the same 
kind. ‘Such tree should be selected for fur¬ 
nishing scions and buds for propagation. 
Burbank’s great work. Dr. Webber says, 
no matter what the value of his produc¬ 
tions, lies in advertising, the matter of plant 
breeding. Next Dr. Webber dwelt on the 
subject of systematic hybridization of the 
apples, a problem of great importance to 
North Canada, and the Northwest where 
hardy apples are needed. The problem could 
not be solved by selection. By crossing the 
hardy Siberian crab with finer apples, vari¬ 
eties that are perfectly hardy and have fair 
size and quality have been obtained, and 
these are now adding wealth to the country 
beyond the former northern limits of apple 
growing. By means of hybridizing, pear 
culture has been carried far South, and 
apple culture far North. Every fruit grow¬ 
er should take hold of this matter. Plant a 
seedling or two, and on it graft a number 
of hybrids for testing. T. geeiner. 
The Catalpa Speciosa 
in the above cut was grown in Fair- 
acres Catalpa Nursery; two years 
old, 16 feet in height. 
Young stock for spring delivery. Send 
for catalogue and price list to-day. 
FAIRACRES CATALPA NURSERY, 
Route No. 3 MUNCIE, IND. 
You Can Get 
A Price List of Call’s Nurseries, 
Perry, O., for the asking. They make a 
specialty of dealing direct with their cus¬ 
tomers, and send out the finest Fruit Trees 
that can be grown. 
APPLE TREES 
50,000 fine straight, 
healthy, stocky, well 
_ rooted trees. Leading 
varieties for Ohio, W. Va., Penn., New York State. 
Prices reasonable. SALESMEN WANTED. 
Outfit free. Address 
W. T. MITCHELL & SON, 
BEVERLY, OHIO. 
is ready to mail. It will be sent to any person interested in 
fruit-growing on receipt of 7 cents to cover postage. The 
Stark Year Book for 1910 represents an entirely new idea in 
nurserymen’s literature—it is a work of art as well as a 
catalogue of Stark Nursery products. Within its covers are 32 full-page illustrations of 
fruits and flowers, representing 175 varieties, done in four colors, and exactly reproducing 
nature. 84 pages are devoted to descriptions, prices, and records. 
Stark Delicious, the apple that has revolutionized orchard planting and established a 
new standard of apple values (selling at $10.00 per bushel box this year); Stark King 
David, another apple of wondrous quality and merit; Stark King Philip, a hardy black 
grape of California grape quality, and dozens of the very best things in the horticultural 
world are fully described, illustrated, and priced. 
To any one planting one tree or many, of fruits or ornamental, this book is of 
inestimable value—a horticultural text-book—a guide to proper selection. 
Stark trees have stood the supreme test of actual planting for 85 years—they are the 
yard-stick by which all other nursery products are measured—they are the first choice of 
this country’s most successful orchardists. The success of the orchard is dependent on 
the kind and quality of tree planted. Stark varieties are the best of the best. Our record 
of 85 years of successful selling is a positive guarantee of tree quality. 
02 * 
tarkjyearj^ook. 
1310 
Before you decide to buy, send 7 cents Jor the Stark 
Year Book—do it today before the edition is exhausted. 
Stark Bro’s Nurseries and Orchards Co. 
Lock Box 35, Louisiana, Missouri 
FREE-My Grand Combination Catalog On 
Farm Seeds, Fruit Plants 
and Orchard Trees Now Ready 
It’s FREE—my new Complete Catalog and fair prices on the varieties 
of seed, fruit plants and orchard trees that pay best profit. $300 an acre from 
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goes IOO bushels to the acre. 62 lbs. of corn, 8 lbs. of cob to the bushel! 
li These are fust a few of the results recorded in my 1910 catalog. SCARFF 
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my reputation and reliability. . , _ . 0 
This year I am giving away, free, 20,000 growing fruit plants. One to a 
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catalog wnn je viseu, ap w £ SCARFF j>j E \y CARLISLE, OHIO. 
Seeds 
my i 
I 
TREES 
Green’s North Grown Apple, 
Pear, Cherry and Peach Trees, Etc • 
Largest Supply of Apple, Bartlett Pear Trees, Roses, 
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Green's Bargain —10 Big Grape Vines for 98c, 
as follows: 1 Brighton, 3 Concord, 1 Moore’s Early, 
2 Regal Red, 3 Niagara White. 
Green's 25c Grape Ofier — One Niagara 
White, one Worden Black, one Brighton Red. 
Three grape vines by mail for 25c. 
Send to-day for NEW FRUIT CATALOGUE, and a copy of 
BIG FRUIT INSTRUCTOR, all a gift to you. Established 30 
years. Capital, $100,000.00. 
Send 10 cents for Cwreen’s Book on Fruit Growing—worth $1. 
GREEN’S NURSERY CO., Box 22, Rochostor, N. Y. 
CATALPA TREES 
FOR PROFIT. My Free Booklet 
tells all about the 150 acres I am growing for tele- 
? hone poles. Beats farming two to one. Writetoday. 
I. C. ROGERS, Box 111 Mechanical* urg, Ohio. 
"How to Grow Fruit” 
tells just what you want to know 
whether you grow fruit for home use 
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“How to Plant About the Country 
Home” illustrates how to lay out your 
grounds and the kinds of trees to use 
for shade, shrubs, hedge plants, flowers, 
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Our 1910 Catalog gives full descrip¬ 
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more than 2,000-acre nursery—the 
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Seeds, Plants, Roses, 
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Hundreds of car lots of 
FRUIT and ORNAMEN¬ 
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50 in hardy Roses, none bet¬ 
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things too numerous to men¬ 
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THE STORRS & HARRISON CO. 
BOX 219, PAINESVILLE, OHIO 0) 
The above booklets contain the best infor¬ 
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23 years in the nursery business and commer¬ 
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will send either or both booklets, together 
with 1910 Catalog, to any reader of The 
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Spring. Write today. 
HARRISON’S NURSERIES 
Box 421, _ Berlin, Md. 
5 rlSTe' ."foil [GRAPEVINES 50 CtS. 
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Established A2 Tears, 
EVERGREENS 
38 Hardy Tested Varieties 
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The Rochester Nurseries.Rochester.N.Y 
TREES 
CATALOG FREE. 
-150 ACRES. Genesee 
Valley grown. "Not the 
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GEO. A. SWEET NURSERY CO. 
20 Maple St., Dansville, N. Y. 
450.000 
Best 
200 varieties. Also Grapes, Small Fruits etc. 
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Tacfail CaaiI ^AWM Guaranteed To Test 
ICSICll iSCCll UUlIl 94 per cent or Better 
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Box 26 HENRY FIELD SEED CO., Shenandoah, Iowa. 
