162 
THE RTJ RAL 1MEW-YOREEH 
February o, 
NEW YORK STATE BREEDERS’ MEETING. 
Part II. 
ITof. Carl W. Gay, of the University of 
Pennsylvania, spoke on “Draft Horses in 
the East.” At the outset Professor Gay 
showed flow different sections of the coun¬ 
try judge horses differently. In the AYesf 
it is weight that counts. In tiie South it 
is how high he can jump; in the East speed 
takes first place. He said there is a 
great opportunity for farmers to make 
money in raising draft horses. The mar¬ 
ket pays from $275 to $400. and horses at 
those prices can he raised at a good profit. 
But the farmer must consider what he is 
raising the horse for, and not expect to 
breed draft horses from sires that have 
record for speed. He said that there is 
some objection to using very heavy draft 
horses on the farm; yet it is perfectly feasi¬ 
ble to use them, and at the same time 
breed heavy horses for city use where the 
high prices are paid. The advantages of 
breeding draft horses are lhat Hie sources 
of supply are on the farm. Secondly, va¬ 
riation in results arc- not so serious as in 
breeding trotters. Thirdly, the draft colt 
is slower, and does not get into trouble so 
readily as the highstrung animals do. 
Fourthly, they become self-sustaining at two 
years old. The mares may be bred at that 
age. or the geldings put to light work to 
pay 1 Heir keep. Again, the draft colt may 
be sold directly from the field, while the 
trotters and actors must be highly trained. 
But the easterner must first learn what 
tiie draft horse is before he begins to 
breed him. A draft horse is one to haul 
heavy loads, in the city. He is the con¬ 
necting link between tiie wholesale house 
and the wharf or railroad station. A good 
draft horse is'one that balances well, one 
that does not lose his equilibrium. Hence 
he should be short-legged and low-set. Then 
he should bo broad. He should be deep in 
the middle, because there is the power¬ 
house that converts food into power. He 
should be short because the horse shoves 
with his hind legs the load which is ap¬ 
plied at the collar. If the distance from 
the hind feet to the collar is far, he will 
be limber, like a long stick. It is the 
short heavy stick that does not bend. He 
should be massive and muscular. The 
bones, too, must be considered. The bones 
should show good texture, which may be 
indicated by flat smooth pasterns and clean 
joints. Professor Gay emphasized the ne¬ 
cessity of breeding from the best sires and 
feeding the colts well all the time, and 
said there was no reason why draft horses 
should not Ire raised in the East, where 
there is the greatest demand for them. 
Prof. .Tames E. Itice. of Cornell Uni¬ 
versity, spoke on “Results of the Second 
Year's Experiments in Breeding for Con¬ 
stitutional Vigor.” Professor Rice said that 
it had been felt for some time that the 
health and vigor of the fowl is one of 
the most important factors in poultry 
breeding. Under forced feeding the hens 
were brought up to laying 150 to 100 eggs 
each per year. This meant a heavy strain 
on tiie hen. and has resulted in consti¬ 
tutional weakness. Just as Professor Rice 
had brought his hens up to the high stand¬ 
ard of laying, he was dismayed to find that 
only 40 per cent of the eggs hatched, and 
that only 50 per cent of the chickens lived. 
To remedy this the hens were given plenty 
of fresh air, green food and exercise. The 
hens were allowed to range at liberty. The 
big proposition in the poultry business is 
to raise good strong healthy chickens. The 
situation that confronts us is that the 
period of usefulness in the ben covers only 
about two years, and if we are to make a 
success of the business we must have good 
strong chickens to replace our flocks. The 
speaker then took up the matter of cross¬ 
breeding, and described the different ex¬ 
periments along those lines at Cornell. He 
said that nothing had been gained in size 
or vigor by crossing, and spoke emphati¬ 
cally against the practice. 
Dr. E. B. Voorhees, director of the New 
Jersey Experiment Station, spoke on for¬ 
age crops, including Alfalfa. lie spoke of 
some of the mistakes made by farmers in 
buying feed. In some kinds there is not 
only the lack of the desirable but there 
is the presence of injurious elements. The 
economy of home-grown foods was taken 
up and comparisons made between them and 
some of the feeds purchased. The conclu¬ 
sions of the whole matter were : First, that 
in the growth of forage crops the farmer 
gets feed two or three times cheaper and 
of better quality than in buying the best 
concentrated feeds. Second, that the growth 
of forage crops builds up the soil instead 
of depleting it. Third, that the crops to 
raise are Alfalfa, oats, corn and peas. In 
connection with this it was shown that it 
is possible to produce a continuous supply 
of green food throughout the season, and 
that 3 Vz cows can be kept to the acre. 
W. F. Raven, field agent for the Michigan 
Agricultural College, spoke on -'.Methods of 
Organizing Co-operative Breeding Associa¬ 
tions.” Mr. Raven explained how he had 
gone from house to house and induced the 
farmers in certain sections to bind them¬ 
selves into a legally organized association, 
agreeing to use only purebred sires of a 
certain breed. About -120 cows are repre¬ 
sented by such an association. Three bulls 
are bought, and the cows are divided into 
three sections and a bull placed at the 
head of each, where he remains for two 
years, when the bulls are changed to other 
sections. In this way the three bulls are 
used for six years, and thus give the ad¬ 
vantage of using mature sires. The speaker 
pointed out the advantages of all the farm¬ 
ers in a neighborhood keeping only one 
breed of cattle by saying that cattle brought 
higher prices where buyers could pick up 
a carload in a small community. The 
“joker” to Mr. Raven's plan seemed to be 
that all cows going into such an associa¬ 
tion must be tuberculin-tested by a .State 
veterinarian, and that the farmers must 
bind themselves to buy only such tuberculin- 
tested cows. 
President Jacob Gould Schurman. of Cor¬ 
nell University, spoke in the evening, lie 
emphasized the necessity of agricultural 
education for the children of the country, 
but seemed to think that the education 
should be given at Cornell. In view of the 
fact that only nine per cent of the chil¬ 
dren ever get beyond the eighth grade and 
never go to high school or anywhere beyond 
the common district school, the wisdom of 
President Sehurman’s plans will be ques¬ 
tioned by a good many farmers. 
To sum up, Ihe New York State Breeders’ 
Association meeting. I will say that Cornell 
furnished the opinions, and the three main 
ideas were those: There should be cow- 
testing associations all over the State, and 
Cornell will furnish the testers. The cows 
of the State should all be tuberculin-tested, 
and Cornell will furnish the testers. There 
should be a liberal agricultural education 
given to all the boys and girls of the State 
—and Cornell is the proper place to acquire 
it. J. GRANT MOUSE. 
EXPERIENCE WITH AN INCUBATOR 
In the past eight years I have operated 
several of the standard makes of incubators, 
of both hot water and hot air type. Taking 
it all together I have had equally as good 
success with the one type as with the 
other. I have found the following points 
necessary to a good hatch of strong livable 
chicks. First, mature, vigorous breeding 
stock properly cared for and fed. Second, 
the eggs saved for incubation should be 
of regular shape, medium size, good shell, 
clean and fresh. These should be kept until 
put in the incubator in a cool room of even 
temperature, about 50 degrees. The sooner 
they can be put in the machine the better. 
I always thoroughly clean and disinfect 
the incubator before putting in the eggs, 
and make sure 1 have it properly regulated 
at 102 degrees. The oil used should be of a 
good grade to hold an even flame, and not 
crust the wick or smoke. I do not turn 
the eggs till the beginning of the third 
day, the first week keeping the temperature 
at 102 degrees and airing eggs only long 
enough to turn them ; turn twice daily after 
second day. The second week I run tem¬ 
perature at 103 degrees ; turn twice daily and 
air live to 10 minutes in a room 50 degrees 
to 60 degrees. The third week run at 104 
degrees, turn eggs and air them three times 
daily, up to end of eighteenth day. 15 to 
30 minutes. After the eighteenth day keep 
the machine closed and an even temperature 
of 104 degrees in the egg chamber till chicks 
begin to hatch. While hatching, if it runs 
up to 105 degrees it is all right, but do not 
let it get below 103 degrees. I believe it is 
absolutely necessary that the eggs should 
be well aired from the twelfth to eighteenth 
day to hatch strong chicks. I have had 
better hatches when tiie incubator was run 
in a cellar than when in a room above 
ground. The reason of (his is even tem¬ 
perature and humidity of air in an under¬ 
ground room. The eggs should be tested on 
tiie eighth, twelfth and eighteenth days, 
and all infertile eggs and dead germs taken 
out. In turning eggs take tray out of ma¬ 
chine and close the door of incubator. 
Don't try to turn (lie eggs just half over, 
but roll them gently with the palms of the 
hands, changing their positions on the tray, 
and change the tray, end for end in the 
machine. Don’t think you ought to get 100 
chicks from 100 eggs set. If you get 75 per 
cent in good chicks from total of eggs set 
you are very fortunate. a. s. BRIAN. 
Westchester Co., N. Y. 
wn 
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Write 
for 
Catalogue 
No. 153 
30 
Mrs 
THE SHARPLES SEPARATOR CO., 
WEST CHESTER, PA. 
Chicago, III. Snn Francisco, ( ul. Portland, Ore. 
Toronto, Can. Winnipeg, Cun. 
LARGER niirnifC 
CREAM UHtullO 
EVERY COW 13 
MADE MORE 
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USING 
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If interested in larger cream checks, 
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our FREE CATALOG No. 
Smith Manufacturing Company 
158 East Harrison Street, ChioagoVIII .* 
Minneapolis, Minn,; Omaha, Neb.; t'olumbns, ( 
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Great Western 
AND UPWARD 
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Which One Will You 
Test on Your Farm 
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Freight Prepaid 
Which will you try. 30 Days’ Free or 90 Days’ Ap¬ 
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-GALLOWAY'S ‘Bath in OH” 
HIGH GRADE STANDARD CREAM SEPARATORS 
but 
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WM. GALLOWAYCOMPANY 
663 Galloway Sta., Waterloo, la. 
Free and Clear to Your 
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to ship you a— 
CHATHAM 
FANNING MILL, SEED 
GRADERandCLEANER 
en, if you want to keep it, pay me my bedrock, factory 
i price on easy terms. 1 think you’ll want it for keeps when 
’you know how fast it makes money by giving you clean, 
^graded seed to plant and sell. One means full crops—neces- 
. sary when land is so high; the other means top prices when 
you sell. MY FREE BOOK, No. 104, will tell you all 
about it. Send your name and address, now, so I can make 
my remarkable offer. Ask for Hook No. 104. Use nearest address. 
Manson Campbell, President, THE MANSON CAMPBELL CO.. 
Detroit. Mich.; Portland. Ore.; Kansas City. Mo.; St. Paul, Minn. 
If you keep it— 
take a year to 
pay me. 
GET FREE BOOK NO. 104 
