TFTE; RURAL NEW-YORKER 
1910. 
WHITE DIARRHOEA IN CHICKS 
Last week we spoke of the germ which 
causes this disease. The experiments 
at the Connecticut Station show that this 
germ may be in the little chick when 
hatched, or may be given through food 
or drink. The chief source of infection 
is the hen. Some eggs certainly contain 
the germs. Efforts were made to trace 
the egg from the ovary through the 
various passages to learn where, inside 
of the hen these germs were picked up, 
or whether they were deposited on the 
shell from the soil, the nest, or by 
handling. 
A flock of 12 R. I. Red hens at the 
Connecticut Station were suspected. 
No germs were found on the inside of 
the egg shells but in the yolk of one 
of them. At another time 86 eggs were 
taken from an incubator and examined. 
Eight of them contained the germs and 
possibly five more—these were all from 
suspected hens. It seemed to be evi¬ 
dent that the germs of the disease came 
from the hen, and probably before the 
egg is formed. Finally 23 of these hens 
were killed, and the ovaries examined. 
Out of 20 specimens nine contained the 
germs. The germs were found only in 
cases where the ovaries were diseased 
or abnormal, but there was no doubt 
that the germs were started in the egg 
at its formation and that this is the 
original source of the disease. It is 
also evident that some hens may send 
W. P. ROCK CHICKS TWO MONTHS OLD. 
One normal, the other suffered from white 
diarrhoea and “recovered.” 
the disease along with every egg they 
lay, while others may lay eggs entirely 
free. It was also proved by giving these 
germs in feed and in water that the 
disease may be conveyed in these ways. 
As has been stated some chicks resist 
the disease and recover, though they 
usually remain stunted and feeble. The 
cut shows two chicks, each two months 
old. One escaped the disease. The 
other was infected through its food, and 
lived but remained stunted. 
While the Connecticut Station has 
demonstrated the cause of the disease, 
Prof. Stoneburn says he is not prepared 
to advocate any direct prevention or 
cure. The following suggestions are, 
however, given: 
If the disease makes its appearance among 
the flocks of chicks every effort should be 
made to ascertain the source of the infec¬ 
tion. This may be (a) breeding stock upon 
the place, (b) eggs for hatching secured 
from other breeders, or (c) newly hatched 
chicks purchased from others. 
If the breeding stock proves infected 
there are two courses of procedure open; 
(a) market the entire floek or refrain from 
using their eggs for hatching, or (b) install 
trap-nests in the breeding pens and by 
means of accurate pedigree records ascertain 
which individual hens are producing in¬ 
fected chicks, and remove such hens from 
the breeding flock. 
Since infection may lie brought upon the 
place through purchased eggs or stock, such 
purchases should be made from farms 
where bacillary white diarrhoea is not com¬ 
mon. 
If bacillary white diarrhoea is known to 
be present on the place steps should be 
taken to prevent the spread of the infection, 
and, if possible, to effect a cure. (As to the 
latter we do not feel justified in offering 
any suggestions at tills time.) 
Prevention—Since the disease cannot, 
apparently, be transmitted through the food 
supply after the chicks have reached the 
age of three or four days, every means 
should be pursued to prevent the spread of 
the Infection during this critical period. 
We suggest: 
The segregation of the chicks in small 
lots during this interval. 
Perfect disinfection and cleanliness of 
brooders or brood coops. 
Food and water supplied in such a manner 
ns to prevent contamination by the drop¬ 
pings. 
The use in the brooder of a liberal amount 
of fine, absorptive litter which will quickly 
cover and seal up the droppings. 
Raise and maintain the vigor and vitality 
of the breeding stock and chicks by every 
reasonable means known to the poultryman. 
Why Hill Lands Are Cheap. 
E. L. ■/., Dowagiac, Mich . — In The R. 
N.-Y. I have read of farms for sale for less 
than cost of buildings, for instance 260 
acres, (50 acres of timber, for .$2,000. What 
is the cause? Is it hilly, stony, or wornout 
land; or is it a graft? 
Ans. —There arc a dozen reasons why 
these farms arc offered cheap. In some 
cases they never should have been set¬ 
tled. The soil is rough and hard and 
the location bad. Several generations 
have hung to them through slow starva¬ 
tion. Such farms should go back to 
the forest or be used as pasture. There 
are others, good farms, which are sold 
at low figures. They are usually hilly, 
with a fair proportion of fairly level 
land. Some of them are in lonely 
neighborhoods, with poor roads. Others 
are cpiite close to town centers. Most 
of them need drainage, and the soil 
often needs lime. In some cases old 
people have died without close heirs. 
In others the old folks cannot work the 
farm. This land is sometimes offered 
cheap to close an estate. A number of 
cases are reported where hard cider 
drinking has ruined the farmer. The 
man who holds the mortgage has fore¬ 
closed and offers the farm for sale. 
There are many other reasons why such 
land is cheap. It is often in localities 
where what we call the farm spirit or 
pride in the business is low. In such 
places farm property is not considered 
first class security for loans, and all 
this tends to depress prices. There are 
some good bargains in such farm lands, 
hut from what has been said no one 
should think of investing without going 
in person to see the land. 
Drainage For Flat Land. 
H. W. /f.. Carthage, N. Y.—Could a drain 
bo constructed on perfectly flat land by 
ditching about five foot deep and filling with 
cobblestones to within 18 inches of the top? 
An open ditch three foot deep is satisfac¬ 
tory, but cuts up the land. 
Ans. —Such a drain could be con¬ 
structed, but no formula could be ap¬ 
plied to determine its capacity, and 
without this data there would be no way 
of fitting a drain to the area to be 
drained. Were I to build a stone drain 
(which I will not) I should lay a row 
of stones on each side and cover with 
larger ones, so as to form an unob¬ 
structed throat at the bottom. This 
kind of drain, if carefully made and 
graded, might, if no quicksand or slushy 
loam was encountered, he permanent. 
Land drainage is too expensive for tem¬ 
porary makeshifts, and digging the ditch 
is by far the most expensive part of the 
work; tile is the material to insure a 
permanent drain. I should be afraid of 
stone drains becoming clogged, surely 
the kind the inquirer suggests, while a 
well-made tile drain with a uniform 
grade is one of the most lasting of farm 
improvements. I note that the field in 
question is level, and also that a five- 
foot outlet is available. Unless the 
drain is a very long one this will give 
considerable grade by starting shallow 
at the upper end. ^ 
New York. j. f. van schoonhovf.n. 
Farm Butter. —An article on “The 
Farmer’s Wife as a Buttermaker,” in 
The R. N.-Y. for December 11, speaks 
very disparagingly of the article pro¬ 
duced. I thing she must live in a “hay¬ 
seed community.” Everybody in this 
vicinity uses separators, and the butter 
brings 35 cents per pound at express 
office. All our friends make butter, and 
supply families who are willing to pay 
any price, rather than take creamery 
butter. We keep 10 cowls, raise calves, 
sell butter, veal and cheese, besides some 
cream and milk. Creameries in towns 
on each side of us have had to go out 
of business. We sold l,177J/£ pounds in 
1909. s. E. R. 
Alton, N. H. 
177 
NOT 
“MAIL ORDER” 
Crea m Separ ators 
The World’s Standard De Laval 
Cream Separators are not sold in 
the “mail order” way and there¬ 
fore not advertised with the big 
newspaper space and big “word 
claimsused to sell second and 
third grade separators in this 
manner. 
Part of the money spent in costly 
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inferior separators in the “mail 
order” way is put into vastly 
better made machines in the case 
of De Laval separators, and part 
of it into commissions to local 
agents who look after the setting 
up of the machine and the in¬ 
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use, as well as the prompt sup¬ 
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in the years to come. 
That’s the difference in the 
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De Laval and most other makes 
of cream separators, of which the 
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stead of the newspaper and printer. 
If you don’t know the nearest 
De Laval agent to you send for 
a catalogue and his address. 
The De Laval Separator Co. 
166-167 BROADWAY 
NEW YORK 
42 E. MA0I8ON 8T. 
CHICAGO 
DRUMM A SACRAMENTO 3T8. 
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1676 Hastings Strut, DETROIT. MICH. 
<$° 
rfO’ 
