1010 . 
THE RURAb NEW-YORKER 
243 
WINTER CARE OF STOCK. 
On almost every farm in this section 
of Ohio there are kept a bunch of cattle 
to consume the roughage and to convert 
the straw ricks into manure. Steers are 
purchased locally or at Cincinnati or 
Chicago stockyards and put on a main¬ 
tenance ration of fodder, hay, straw 
and some grains, during the first Win¬ 
ter; then on pasture during Summer and 
perhaps the following Winter are fin¬ 
ished on corn and sold, or else are given 
a small grain ration and finished on 
grass. During Winter these cattle are 
fed in racks in open feed lots, have free 
access to open shed, or straw ricks, and 
are provided with plenty of water, and 
in some cases are given considerable 
range in open fields. Without exception 
cattle and horses are out of stables more 
or less each day, regardless of the weath¬ 
er; if stabled, they are turned out for 
water and are left out for six or seven 
hours, and if they are free to choose for 
themselves, as steers are usually treated, 
they invariably leave covered shelters 
and seek a place outside in the sun or, 
if stormy, in a place protected from the 
wind, but heedless of rain or snow. 
There are reasons for this. At the ap¬ 
proach of cold weather stock is provided 
with heavier coats of hair, and an extra 
layer of fat is stored under the skin, so 
that the animals put on overcoats, as 
it were. Then in the feed usually pro- 
ing in condition steadily. This Winter, 
so far, has been favorable for stock feed¬ 
ing out of doors, and all kinds of stock 
are doing well. w. e. duck wall. 
Ohio. 
LIVE STOCK IN ORCHARD. 
It is quite amusing to a Western New 
York man to read such advice as that 
given by Wm. M. Bomberger on page 
144. The idea of making a cattle or 
horse pasture of the orchard is simply 
ancient history to us. There is never 
any kind of stock except sheep or hogs 
allowed in any up-to-date orchard here— 
I have always been a strenuous advocate 
of pasturing the orchard with sheep. 
One sheep will catch more Codling 
moths or apple maggots than a score of 
hogs. The trouble with the hog is that 
he is too near a relative to man ; sleeps 
too sound, snores too loud to hear an 
apple drop, if within a few feet. It is a 
fact that when an apple containing the 
larva of a Codling moth drops to the 
ground, the jar when it strikes seems to 
awaken the larva to the necessity of get¬ 
ting out of the apple and to a place of 
safety as quickly as possible. Go into the 
orchard and examine the fallen apples, 
see how few that have lain 15 minutes 
will contain a live larva. So when our 
cousin, Mr. ITog awakens and gets the 
apple the larva is safely out. Not so 
with the sheep; it never sleeps with both 
A SUN BATH IN AN OHIO FIELD. 
vided. there is an abundance of carbona¬ 
ceous material, which helps to keep the 
animal warm besides piling on fat. For 
instance, when steers are being finished 
on corn and have clover hay and fodder 
in additions, they get about 14 to 1G 
pounds of corn each per day, and of the 
roughage perhaps 10 pounds, making a 
total 1.4 pound of digestible protein 
and 16 pounds of carbonaceous matter, 
if the tables are dependable, so it is to 
be seen that such a ration has an undue 
amount of fattening material, therefore 
steers getting such a ration do not suffer 
from the cold even when given no pro¬ 
tection, as is sometimes the case here and 
elsewhere in the corn belt. Open yard 
feeding has its drawbacks; there is much 
feed wasted owing to crowding and 
fighting among the stock, and one is not 
certain that each one gets its share of 
the feed, while of course the manure is 
exposed, but the loss of fertility cannot 
be great as no heating or decomposition 
can occur when it is tramped 'solidly and 
is frozen besides. The chief advantage 
is that this plan of feeding saves labor. 
The cattle shown in the picture are out 
in the sun in the open field some distance 
from the feed lot, and were enjoying a 
sun bath after getting a drink of spring 
water and a little exercise in the way of 
a scrap with each other. These cattle are 
getting a ration of hay, fodder and corn, 
which is intended as a maintenance ra¬ 
tion principally though they are improv- 
eyes at once, and no sooner does the 
apple strike the ground than it is on its 
way to the sheep’s stomach, that bourne 
from which no moth or maggot ever re¬ 
turns to trouble the orchardist. 
Then too, hogs are very fond of the 
bark of apple roots or young trees, and 
unless well ringed will root up and eat 
the surface roots, and even when ringed 
will often bark young trees no matter 
how well fed. They will damage small 
trees more or less by rubbing against 
them. Sheep, on the other hand, are 
easily kept from injuring the trees by 
simply guarding them by any sort of 
protectors. A 10-acre orchard should 
have at least 100 sheep in it from early 
Spring until the fruit is ready to pick. Of 
course 10 acres will not furnish food 
for 100 sheep, and they will need some 
supplemental feed to keep them in good 
condition, and here rests one of the re¬ 
commendations for the sheep. For in 
feeding the sheep we can feed the 
orchard as well. Of all kinds of supple¬ 
mental foods, none is as good as wheat 
bran, as this contains just what the 
orchard needs, and it loses none of its 
value by passing through the sheep. The 
only serious objection to the modern idea 
of low heading the trees is that when 
an orchard is so trained it makes it im¬ 
possible to use it as a sheep pasture. The 
next best thing to sheep to run in or¬ 
chards, is poultry, and even with sheep the 
more hens are kept in the orchard the 
better. Colony houses for 50 to 100 may 
be -scattered all over the orchard, and if 
they are fed regularly every day near 
their house they will stay and pay by 
catching all manner of insects. 
j. s. WOODWARD. 
Other Cream Separators 
Merely Discarded"! Abandoned 
De Laval Inventions 
It is interesting and instructive to know that nearly, if not quite, every cream 
separator that has ever been made, and certainly all that are being made at this 
time, are merely copies or imitations of some type of construction originally 
invented or developed by the De Laval Company, and either not used by it 
because of something more practical or else discarded and abandoned in the 
course of De Laval progress and utilization of later improvements. 
As earlier patents have expired some of their features have one after anothe- 
been taken up by different imitators, so that at all times, as is the case to-day, 
every separator made in the United States or elsewhere in the world, utilizes some 
type of construction originally owned and developed by the De Laval Company, 
though some of them have never been commercially used by the De Laval 
Company because of their inferiority to other types of construction used by it. 
The De Laval Company has always been forging ahead, with its many 
years of experience and the best of experts and mechanics the whole world affords 
in its employ, so that before any expiring patent might permit the use of any 
feature of construction by imitators the De Laval Company had already gone so 
much beyond that type of construction that it was then old and out-of-date in 
the modern De Laval machines. 
All cream separator inventions by others have been of immaterial details or 
variations, upon which patents have been taken, if at all, more for the sake of 
the name than by reason of any real value or usefulness attaching to them. 
The first practical continuous flow centrifugal Cream Separator was the inven¬ 
tion of Dr. Gustaf de Laval in 1878, the American patent application being filed 
July 31, 1879, and issuing as Letters Patent No. 247,804 October 4, 1881. 
This was the original Cream Separator—of the “Hollow” or empty bowl 
type—and it has been followed from year to year by the various steps of cream 
separator improvement and development, all De Laval made or owned inventions, 
the American patent applications being filed and letters patent issued as follows: 
The original hand Cream Separator of the “Bevel Gear” type; application 
filed October 2, 1886, issuing as Letters Patent No. 356,990 February 1, 1887. 
The original hand Cream Separator of the “Spur Gear” type; application 
filed January 17, 1887, issuing as Letters Patent No. 368,328 August 16, 1887. 
The original Steam Turbine-driven Cream Separator; application filed Decem¬ 
ber 8. 1886, issuing as Letters Patent No. 379,690 March 20, 1888. 
The original “Tubular” shaped “hollow” bowl Cream Separator; application 
filed April 19, 1886, issuing as Letters Patent No. 372,788 November 8, 1887. 
The original “Disc” bowl Cream Separator; application filed May 12, 1890, 
issuing as Letters Patent No. 432,719 July 22, 1890. 
The original vertical curved or interlocking “Blade” Cream Separator bowl, 
covered likewise by the application filed May 12, 1890, issuing as Letters Patent 
No. 432,719 July 22, 1890. 
The original “Bottom Feed” Cream Separator bowl; application filed July 24, 
1889, issuing as Letters Patent No. 445,066 January 20, 1891. 
The original “Suspended” bowl Cream Separator; application filed August 
21, 1893, issuing as Letters Patent No. 512,203 January 2, 1894. 
The original “Star” or “Pineapple Cone” shaped series of cylinders Cream 
Separator bowl; application filed August 24. 1893, issuing as Letters Patent No. 
521,722 June 19, 1894. 
The original “Curved Disc” Cream Separator bowl; application filed January 
18, 1905, issuing as “Letters Patent No. 892,999 July 14, 1908. 
The original “Split-Wing” Tubular Shaft Cream Separator bowl; application 
filed April 29, 1898, issuing as Letters Patent No. 640,358 January 2, 1900—which 
invention, with a series of later improvements, is the type of bowl construction 
used in the De Laval machines of to-day, and still covered by protecting patents 
which prevent its appropriation by would-be competitors. 
The patents thus enumerated are but a few of the more important of the 
more than 500 original Cream Separator patents owned, controlled and developed 
by the De Laval Company during its thirty years of creation and development of 
the Cream Separator industry throughout the world. They are recited because 
they show in the most illustrative and conclusive manner possible De Laval origi¬ 
nality and leadership from 1878 to the present day. 
In addition to these patent-protected features, the De Laval machines have 
within two years been mechanically re-designed and re-constructed in every part, 
from top to bottom, so that the new and improved line of De Laval machines are 
to-day. even more than at any past period, fully ten years in advance of any other 
cream separator made. 
These are the Rock-of-Gibraltar-like separator facts against which the mere 
“word claims” of would-be competitors fade away like the mists of night before 
the rays of the morning sun. 
The De Laval Separator Co. 
165-167 BROADWAY 
NEW YORK 
173-171 Wll.I.IAM Street 
MONTREAL 
K. Madison Street 
CHICAGO 
14 Si 16 IMu.vcKSB Street 
WINNIPEG 
Duumm * Sacramento St«. 
SAN FRANCISCO 
1016 Western Avejoi 
SEATTLE 
