THE KUKAL NEW* * ORKEB 
March 12, 
JiOS 
WESTERN NEW YORK HORTICULTURAL 
SOCIETY. 
PART IV. 
Prof. Samuel Fraser, of Geneseo, went 
very thoroughly into his subject, “Require¬ 
ments of Certain Markets and the Best 
Varieties of Fruit for those Particular 
Markets.” A circular letter was sent to 
31G commission men in the United States 
and 150 apple buyers in Great Britain. 
France. Germany and Holland. One hun¬ 
dred and eleven replies from 20 markets 
in the. United States and SO replies from 
Europe form the basis of this article; and 
that certain varieties have their reputation 
in some markets, while other varieties that 
are favored in other markets are not 
wanted, is very evident, and these market 
preferences should not be overlooked by 
ihe grower. Not only did the letter ask 
for information on varieties, but also re¬ 
quested opinions in regard to the import¬ 
ance of size, color, quality and style of 
package in the different markets. He cau¬ 
tioned growers that if better grading and 
jtacking methods were not adopted the apple 
trade would soon meet the same fate as 
befell our cheese trade some years ago. 
Prof. Craig, of Cornell, said there had in 
ihe past ten years been very little increase 
in the exports to Great Britain, and that 
our home markets had expanded more and 
could pay better prices than formerly. 
There is not apt to be any increase in the 
exports of apples to the continent of Eu¬ 
rope, as the tariff is prohibitive, and Ger¬ 
many is very watchful for dangerous in¬ 
sects and diseases. He said there was a 
liberal outlet at home for middle-class fruit 
if carefully graded, hut for largest returns 
growers must look to the high-class apples. 
The “Round Table Talks" on special 
fruits met with general approval, and this 
feature will be made more prominent an¬ 
other year. It gives small fruit men, grape 
men and peach men a better chance to 
have the subject they are most interested 
in more fully discussed. The following 
was brought out in the question box: 
"Is it advisable to plant Gano, Constan¬ 
tine and Winter Banana in western New 
York?” Prof. Hedrick doubted their value 
here unless Constantine be used as a tiller. 
“How should a young apple orchard he 
treated to he brought into bearing in the 
shortest time without injury to the trees?" 
Prof. Hedrick said prune but little, but 
it is not good for - trees to bear too early, 
lie believes that many prune too much 
the first few years. Head should be formed 
the first two years without taking out too 
much wood. Mr. Bradley reported good 
success without pruning. The peach needs 
more pruning than the apple; the pear 
and cherry less. Mr. Cole reported a 
nine-year-old orchard that had had no prun¬ 
ing and produced last Fall 1% barrel per 
tree on Greening and Fameuse, and one 
barrel per tree on Baldwins. "Get boreis 
out,” was the answer to a question asking 
for a remedy for this insect. “Would the 
deep-feeding roots of Alfalfa have any ef¬ 
fect on trees?” Mr. Cox thought they 
would rob the trees of both moisture and 
plant food. “Which is the best way to 
trim two-year-old Bartlett pear trees set a 
year ago last Fall?” Cut out all but four 
or five branches and head back the extra 
long ones. Head cherry trees three feet 
high and then cut, but don't cut back. 
Mr. Geo. T. Powell said it was dangerous 
for the average grower to use filler trees, 
as nine out of ten will not take them out 
in time. Don’t plant anything but apples 
as fillers in an apple orchard. Mixed plant¬ 
ing is not economical in operation. Filler 
trees can be carried a little longer by se¬ 
vere pruning and heavy fertilizing. In 
sneaking of cover crops Prof. Craig said 
Hairy vetch was the ideal plant for this 
purpose, hut the seed is scarce and expen¬ 
sive. Crimson clover is rather uncertain in 
New York. Red clover is better than Al- 
sike. Plow as early in the Spring as you 
can get on the ground. He does not 
recommend Fall plowing for orchards. “Is 
Fall or Spring setting of apple trees to be 
preferred?” Mr. Collamer answered early 
Spring. 
“What varieties are best to graft Mann 
apples to?” Mr. Woodward said Mann 
was not a fast grower, and should he top- 
worked to a slow grower as Twenty-Ounce 
or King.- The grafting of crabs is not 
successful. “Is it practical to make con¬ 
centrated lime-sulphur mixture with as¬ 
surance of as good results as from the 
best commercial goods?” Mr. Woodward 
replied: Make the ordinary mixture, and 
if it can’t be used at once cover with oil. 
“Is it advisable to graft Russet trees 30 
years old?” No. Mr. Collamer had suc¬ 
ceeded on 25-year'-old trees, but the younger 
the better. “Are Souvenir du Congress and 
Clairgeau productive and hardy? Mr. 
Woodward said Clairgeau is good, hut 
should be picked early or it will rot at 
the core. Mr. Bell said: “Don’t pick until 
well mature. It is very productive. Would 
not recommend Congress for market. 
“What shall I set for most profit, pear 
blight to be considered, Bartlett, Clapp’s 
Favorite or Ivieffer?” Mr. Bell advised 
Clapp's Favorite and Bartlett. Don t set 
Ivieffer under any circumstances. 
Some fine English walnuts grown at 
Hilton were shown and compared in appeal- 
ance with the best to be found on the 
market. 
“What is the best way to prune a young 
quince orchard?” Mr. Bell said treat the 
same as you would pears, heading back 
during the dormant season. The heading 
back is not so important as with pears oi 
peaches. “How should I treat an 11-year- 
old sweet cherry orchard to produce fruit ! 
Mr. Powell said if thrifty in sod leave in 
sod and mulch. If not thrifty, cultivate, 
but don't stimulate too much. 
“What is killing my peach trees? The 
branches are full of little holes. Mr. 
Case replied : “You are troubled with shot- 
hole borers. There are three broods of 
these insects a year—in March, June and 
September. Their eggs are laid in dead 
wood and they go into live wood as they 
near maturity. Remedy is to keep all dead 
wood cleared up.” “How can I control 
cherry rot?” Mr. Case said spray with 
Bordeaux before bloom, again just after 
bloom with 2% pounds of copper-sulphate, 
five pounds lime and 50 gallons of water, 
and for later sprayings use 1% pound 
copper sulphate, three pounds lime and 50 
gallons of water. In answer to query as 
to the difference between apple scab and 
apple fungus, it was said they are the 
same. It was said to be perfectly safe to 
apply coal tar to trees while trees are in 
active growth. To get rid of wire grass 
thorough cultivation was advised. A grape 
hoe was advised for getting close to low¬ 
headed trees. Mr. Powell doubts if it is 
necessary io get as close to the bodies of 
the trees as we have made a practice of 
doing. The fruit exhibit was very fine and 
was judged by students from Cornell. 
President Case of the New York State 
Fruit Growers’ Association made a few 
brief remarks in which he said the societies 
should work in harmony. The following 
officers were elected: President, Wm. C. 
Barry, Rochester; vice-presidents, S. D. 
Willard, Geneva; J. S. Woodward, Lock- 
port, S. V. Wadhams, Clarkson; Albert 
Wood, Carlton Station; E. Van Alstyne, 
Kinderhook ; D. Iv. Bell, Brighton. Execu¬ 
tive committee, C. M. Hooker, Rochester; 
Dewane Rogue, Medina; L. H. Dewey, 
Rochester; II. S. Wiley, Cayuga, Delos 
Tenny, Secretary-treasurer, John Hall, 
Rochester. G - s - 
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