1910. 
THE RURAL NEW-YORKER 
-11© 
LIME, PLASTER, OR “PHOSPHATE.” 
C. M. L., Smithsburg, Md .—What is the 
difference in the action of the following 
three forms of lime on the soil? 1. Car¬ 
bonate of lime as found in burnt lime¬ 
stone. 2. Sulphate of lime as found in 
land plaster or gypsum. 3. Phosphate of 
lime as found in animal bones ground ; also 
in dissolved bone. Is it possible to accom¬ 
plish the same object by using the lime 
in either of the above forms? 
Ans. — 1 . It is not possible to accomplish 
the same object by using the three 
forms of lime mentioned as burned lime, 
sulphate of lime and phosphate of lime, 
as these three forms of lime have sepa¬ 
rate and distinct functions. The chief 
functions of the burned lime are to as¬ 
sist in the setting free of plant food al¬ 
ready in the soil, as for example helping 
to unlock or make more “available” all 
of the constituents, nitrogen, phosphoric 
acid and potash. The second function is 
to improve physical character—lime 
making clay soils more open and porous, 
thus admitting more freely the air, 
warmth and water; and third, to neutral¬ 
ize the acidity of soil; and fourth, to 
supply lime. 2. The chief functions of 
gypsum are, first, to promote nitrification, 
or the changing of organic nitrogen into 
the soluble nitrate forms; and second, 
to unlock plant food existing in insoluble 
compounds, as for example to set free 
potash from ’such compounds as zeo- 
lytes. These exist in considerable quan¬ 
tities in certain heavy soils, and the bene¬ 
fits derived from applying plaster cease 
when sufficient has been used to set free 
the potash in these compounds. 3. The 
chief function of phosphate of lime is to 
supply phosphoric acid instead of lime. 
The lime combined with the phosphoric 
acid, however, helps to maintain the lime 
content of soils. e. b. vooriiees. 
N. J. Experiment Station. 
Persian Walnuts in Canada. 
On page 254 II. G. IC., San Jose, Cal., 
refers to the English or Persian walnut 
as grown in his State. It would be in¬ 
teresting knowledge, at least to myself, 
if the varieties commercially produced 
there are the same which succeed here. 
Apparently if injured by seven degrees 
of frost in California, it is hard to be¬ 
lieve that the same nut would survive 
45 degrees here. But from my own 
casual observation of the nuts and trees 
at San Jose, they are identical with the 
Canadian. That these nuts are pro¬ 
duced commercially, anywhere in the 
Great Lakes fruit regions, I am not 
aware, but can only speak of a few trees 
in this vicinity, ranging, in age, anywhere 
from two years to perhaps 30, and some 
at least 15 inches in diameter. These 
annually produce and mature nuts of 
size and quality equal to the California 
product found in our stores.. Although 
set only for ornamentation, or perhaps 
curiosity, in lawns and backyards, these 
trees have thrived in spite of many bad 
conditions. Whether they would prove 
profitable in commercial orchards in our 
fruit belt, I do not know; perhaps some¬ 
body can speak from experience. This 
year I am setting a few trees; for I 
have satisfactory evidence of their hard¬ 
iness in this locality. As to their pro¬ 
ductivity, I cannot say except that four- 
year-old trees have borne nuts, and on 
the larger trees all agree that the squir¬ 
rels harvest a good per cent of the crop 
before maturity. harper secord. 
Ontario. 
Leather as a Fertilizer. 
A, K., Belleville, III .—What about the 
value of leather dust, skiviugs and scrap 
such as accumulates at shoe factories as a 
fertilizer for berries and vegetables? How 
best treated and applied? 
Ans.— Such leather often contains six 
per cent or more of nitrogen, but the 
dust and scraps as they are have little 
fertilizing value. Like all other forms 
of organic nitrogen, the leather must de¬ 
cay before it becomes available, and we 
all understand how tough leather is. 
When treated with sulphuric acid the 
nitrogen in the leather becomes more 
available, but the raw leather has little 
if any value. It will remain in the soil 
for months unchanged. It may be made 
a little more available by packing in 
horse manure or in damp wood ashes, 
but generally speaking it is hardly worth 
using raw. 
LEGAL MATTERS. 
Foreclosure of Mortgage. 
Will you tell me bow long the law allows 
a man to redeem or vacate a farm after 
the mortgage is foreclosed? d. a. 
Massachusetts. 
A mortgage is a lien on land or other 
property for the payment of a debt. In 
case of default of interest or principal by 
the owner, the lender (mortgagee) may 
proceed to foreclose his lien by law, selling 
same at a public sale. Summons and com¬ 
plaint will be served on the owner some 
months before the sale. Foreclosure is a 
technical and costly proceeding, so if the 
owner can adjust his differences with the 
mortgagee he will save much costs and fees, 
all of which is deductible from the pro¬ 
ceeds of the sale. The length of time be¬ 
fore the sale will depend on whether the 
owner defends. 
Rights in Improvements. 
A leases property to a tenant for a term 
of years with an option. The tenant erect¬ 
ed a barn and shed from timber cut on the 
farm. The tenant now claims the right to 
remove these buildings, while the landlord 
forbids him. Which is right is his con¬ 
tention? c. e. s. 
South Carolina. 
A tenant is allowed to make temporary 
improvements which can bo easily removed 
without injury to the place. A small out¬ 
building or shed may be torn down, but a 
barn is a part of the realty and is a 
permanent fixture. An improvement which 
will be regarded as permanent must be left 
by the tenant. 
Cutting Brush Near Fence. 
I bought a farm having a poor division 
fence. I wish to erect a wire fence, which 
requires me to cut a strip of brush on my 
neighbor's farm. Can I do this? s. a. 
New York. 
The law requires you to erect and main¬ 
tain sufficient fences so that you can go 
on to- the land of your neighbor where 
necessary. We doubt if you are at liberty 
to cut any brush on your neighbor's land. 
You should demand that he cut the brush 
or give you permission. In case your 
neighbor should sue you for the trespass, 
lie would have difficulty in proving any 
damages. Such disputes should be settled 
by a candid, tactful understanding. 
Selling Manure on Rented Place. 
I rent a small place and keep a few 
cattle. Part of the fodder is brought to 
the farm. Can I sell the manure, or is 
it the property of the landlord? The con¬ 
tract is silent as to this matter. o. H. 
New York. 
The law favors good husbandry, and 
therefore holds that manure produced on a 
farm is the property of the landlord. When 
produced in a livery stable or stalls where 
all the forage and hay is brought in then 
it is the property of the tenant. In this 
case you will have to show clearly that you 
have been buying your forage. If you do 
sell, your landlord may charge you with 
the reasonable value of it and enjoin you 
from further sales. 
Purchase from Executors. 
A man died directing in his will that his 
farm which he inherited be sold. I bought 
this place from the executors, taking their 
deed. Is my title perfect, and do I have 
a warrantee deed? c. s. w. 
New York. 
If the will was duly probated, the execu¬ 
tors qualified and had authority to sell 
we think that you have good title as far 
as these things affect it. You received an 
executors’ deed, and as the surrogate’s 
records show that they had power to sell, 
their deed is a valid one. There may be 
an order or decree directing the sale. 
Much property passes each day by execu¬ 
tors’ deeds the validity of which * depends 
on the authority given in the wiil or by the 
surrogate. 
Responsibility for Fire. 
My neighbor admits that he set fire to 
refuse; this fire spread to my woods, burn¬ 
ing my fence. On trial I recovered $38, 
but he has appealed. Can I have my 
verdict sustained? c. m. 
New York. 
the appeal will be on the proceedings of 
the trial. If the county court concludes 
that there were no errors in the trial, 
and each party was treated fairly, the 
judgment will be sustained with additional 
costs. If it is found that the 'lower court 
made serious mistakes in the charge or 
admission of evidence the judgment will 
be reversed. It is impossible to state how 
the court will view the questions raised on 
n '°J ,r attor , np .V fan best advise vou. 
V fn ;° rosultert from the negligence 
in the ‘result ant y ° U haVe reason for faith 
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