644 
THE RURAL NEW-YORKER 
May 7, 
WALNUT PROPAGATION. 
There is considerable interest being 
felt about the possibilities of walnut 
culture in the Central and Eastern 
States, and a recent inquiry from a 
reader in southern New Jersey is only 
one of the calls for information on the 
subject. ITe wants to know about the 
varieties that are hardy enough to en¬ 
dure the climatic conditions of that re¬ 
gion, and how to get the trees for plant¬ 
ing. 
Since the early settlement of North 
America there have been many efforts 
made to grow the cultivated walnut of 
Europe, which by our people is called 
English, but is more properly the Per- 
siati or Royal walnut. It is known 
scientifically as Juglans regia. It has 
been grown in the old world for many 
centuries because of its thin-shelled and 
richly flavored nuts, but in America it 
has not been very successful except in 
parts of California. The reasons for 
this lack of success have been three: 
the tenderness of many of the strains 
or types tried, the lack of proper pol¬ 
lination, and injury to flowers by Spring 
frosts. The second cause is far the 
most common, because the flowers of 
the two sexes, although on the same 
branches, do not always come into the 
proper stage at the same time, and as 
the trees are very often solitary, there 
is no opportunity for the pollen" from 
other trees blooming at the right time 
to furnish the needed pollen. Self- 
fertile walnut trees bear as regularly as 
those of any other kind, and there are 
many varieties of the species under con¬ 
sideration that are self-fertile. Late 
blooming is another matter of much 
importance, for Spring frosts are apt to 
occur before the pollination has been 
perfected, and sometimes before it is 
begun. It is of the utmost importance 
that those who plant walnut trees know 
of their character in all these respects. 
It is very doubtful if varieties of 
sufficient hardiness will be found to en¬ 
dure the sudden climatic changes and 
the low temperatures that occur in the 
upper Mississippi Valley, from northern 
Kentucky and Kansas to Canada. There 
are, however, Persian walnut trees that 
have grown up as seedlings in several 
of the Northeastern States that have so 
far been entirely hardy. There are sev¬ 
eral such trees in Pennsylvania, New 
Jersey and New York, and they bear 
nuts abundantly that are of good size 
and quality, comparing favorably with 
those of California or the imported nuts. 
Small orchards of seedlings from these 
trees have been planted and many trees 
are sold to be planted generally. But 
seedlings are usually so variable that it 
is doubtful if these seedling walnut trees 
will be as satisfactory as the parent 
trees, although it is to be hoped they 
will be. I believe that walnut culture 
will become a success in all the Eastern 
and Southern States. 
On the Pacific Coast the planting of 
seedling walnut trees has been the com¬ 
mon practice, as has been done in Eu¬ 
rope for centuries, but there are some 
growers who are not satisfied with this 
plan and are* planting grafted or budded 
trees. The great trouble has been to 
get them. In the Willamette Valley in 
Oregon I visited an orchard of 110 
acres of seedlings that were growing 
very well, but the owner was then wish¬ 
ing they were grafted trees of a va¬ 
riety of definitely known good quali¬ 
ties. And it is a matter worthy of very 
serious consideration by those who are 
planting walnut orchards in all the Pa¬ 
cific Coast region, even as far north as 
British Columbia, whether or not they 
will be disappointed with the results of 
their plantings of seedling walnut trees. 
One firm in Oregon has planted tons of 
nuts from an orchard in California of 
the Franquette variety or strain, and 
sold the seedlings all over the North¬ 
west. According to some authorities, 
the Mayette type is the best of all the 
Persian walnuts in hardiness, produc¬ 
tiveness and late blooming of the tree, 
and also in character of nut. Judging 
by specimens I have examined of many 
varieties, this seems to be true of the 
nuts. 
The matter of stocks upon which to 
propagate the cultivated walnuts is one 
that has been seriously considered and 
in some measure experimented with for 
many years past. They do not generally 
flourish so well upon the roots of their 
own species as they do on those of 
some of the several American species, 
and possibly upon all of them. There 
are four species of native walnuts, 
Juglans nigra, J. cinerea, J. rupestris 
and J. Californica. The latter two a 
few botanists have thought identical, 
and certainly their wood, bark, leaves, 
habit of growth and nuts are much 
alike. The form which is called Rupes¬ 
tris is the only species of Juglans native 
in western Texas, New Mexico and 
Arizona and it is found in western 
Oklahoma. The nuts are very small, 
round and almost smooth. The wood 
of the tree- is light in color and the 
leaves like those of the ordinary Black 
walnut, J. nigra. I planted a bushel of 
nuts of this species in the nursery at 
the pecan orchard in Louisiana, where 
I am growing nut trees, and they made 
seedlings that more than trebled in size 
those of J. nigra; some of them being 
over four feet high the first year. Their 
root system is the best of any species 
of the walnut genus that I have ever 
grown. Seedlings of J. Californica were 
not half so large, but their roots were 
well branched. Nuts of J. cinerea, the 
“white” walnut or “butternut” of the 
Central and Northern States failed to 
grow, but I have seen many seedlings 
of it elsewhere, and they are not larger 
than those of J. nigra. The same is 
true of J. Seiboldiana and J. cordiformis, 
the Japanese walnuts, of which I have 
seedlings. I have never made any trials 
of grafting scions of the cultivated wal¬ 
nuts on either of the Japanese species 
or on our own J. cinerea, and do not 
know whether or not it can be done 
successfully; but I think it might be 
done. I will try it. If the hardy north¬ 
ern varieties of J. regia can be made to 
grow on roots of J. cinerea, then a great 
step will have been made towards suc¬ 
cessful walnut culture in the colder 
parts of America; for this native species 
is hardy where the mercury drops to 
40 and more below zero, and it is a 
very healthy and vigorous tree, well 
suited for a stock. Its wood being of 
the same color and texture as that of 
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