©44 
THE RURAL NEW*YORKER 
October 8, 
WHY RUSSET APPLES WILT. 
C. IF. C., Cochituate, Mass .—I raise some 
Golden Russet apples; for the past two 
years they have wilted after being put in 
the cellar so as to be almost worthless ; other 
apples kept under same conditions do not 
wilt, and keep till the last of May. Can 
you tell me the cause of the Russets wilt¬ 
ing? 
Ans. —Ever since russet apples have 
been grown they have had the fault of 
wilting in storage. It is constitutional 
with them. Their skin is rough and 
porous, and not smooth and covered with 
a coat of wax as all other kinds are. If 
anyone will scrape the surface of an or¬ 
dinary apple with a knife he can easily 
see that a white wax is gathered on the 
blade. In some cases it is very notice¬ 
able and may be gathered into a little 
ball. This wax may be made to shine 
by rubbing the apple skin and this is 
often done by retail fruit dealers and 
exhibitors at fairs, to enhance their 
beauty. But it lessens their keeping 
quality, because of taking off some of 
nature’s protective covering. The russets 
have almost none of it and therefore 
their internal moisture or juices easily 
passes out. The way to prevent the 
wilting is by storing the apples in a 
very damp place. But it must be cool 
as well, or the apples will ripen and rot. 
Burying in pits in the earth is a good 
way, for it keeps the apples cool and 
moist at the same time. Care should be 
used in the covering, lest disagreeable 
flavors be given to the fruit. Clean, new 
straw is good. Those who live in large 
towns or cities can have their apples 
kept in a damp cold-storage room and 
take them out by the barrel or box as 
may be needed. h. e. van deman. 
SUMMER CONTROL OF SAN JOSE SCALE. 
Orchard trees are often found badly 
infested with San Jose scale, after the 
dormant spraying season has passed. 
This situation frequently arises as a re¬ 
sult of oversight, or it may result from 
lack of thoroughness in spraying, inef¬ 
fective materials, or breakdowns in the 
machinery. Just what to do U’.dcr such 
circumstances has not been made clear 
heretofore, so far as the writer is aware, 
and hence no definite advice could be 
given in answer to the frequent inquiries 
received. During the past Spring, how¬ 
ever, we were fortunate in finding at the 
Pennsylvania State College an apple tree 
that was badly incrusted with the above- 
named scale. It was a small tree, about 
t ight years old, so that it could be thor¬ 
oughly sprayed and the resu’ts thor¬ 
oughly determined. No spraying was 
given in the dormant season, in order to 
see just when the young scales may be 
expected to emerge in our locality, and 
especially to determine whether or not 
they could be controlled or exterminated 
by Summer spraying alone. On June 20 
they were found out in large numbers, 
fairly covering the upper portions of the 
tree. Many had already settled and 
were of such size and development as 
to indicate their emergence at least two 
or three days before. On the 22d the 
tree was sprayed with a clear, 1.01, lime- 
sulphur solution, of our own prepara¬ 
tion, without any addition of lime as a 
“marker.” This strength of solution is 
about one-third as great as the spray 
generally used for scale during the dor¬ 
mant period, and it had been previously 
determined to be about the maximum 
strength usable on apple foliage. The 
strength of lime-sulphur solutions is ] 
most accurately stated in terms of den¬ 
sity or specific gravity. This is ob- j 
tained by means of a hydrometer, the use 
»f which is explained in our Bulletin 
99 of the Pennsylvania Experiment Sta¬ 
tion, State College, Pa. A spiay solu¬ 
tion of 1.01, such as was used in this 
case, is approximately obtained by di¬ 
luting our strongest commercial or 
homemade concentrated lime-sulphur so¬ 
lutions (those testing 1.30 specific grav¬ 
ity or 33 l A degrees Baume) at the rate 
of 1 to 30, l. e., one gallon of concen¬ 
trate to a total of 30 gallons of spray 
solution. Our intent at this first spray¬ 
ing was primarily to determine the ef¬ 
fectiveness of the above spra/ against 
the young, and hence no special pains 
were taken in the spraying of tne adult 
scales. They also received a fairly thor¬ 
ough coating, however. 
On June 25 the tree was found to be 
entirely clear of young scales, and in 
addition a very marked reduction in the 
number of adults had been effected. By 
the 30th, however, the adults remaining 
alive had again produced a considerable 
number of young, and on that date the 
tree was re-sprayed as before, being 
careful this time to spray thoroughly the ‘ 
adults as well. The young were again 
completely destroyed and the living 
adults reduced to probably less than five 
per cent. By July 11 a few young had 
again appeared and a third application 
was given as before. No further emerg¬ 
ence of young scales was noted after 
this. On August 20 a thorough exam¬ 
ination by the writer and Mr. H. F. 
Hershey, who aided in the work, failed 
to reveal anv evidence whatever of liv¬ 
ing scales. In other words, the tree 
apparently had been entirely cleared of 
scale in midsummer by three sprayings 
of dilute lime-sulphur alone. Moreover, 
since the coating left by the spray 
makes it difficult for the young to be¬ 
come established, the number of spray¬ 
ings, for control only, might doubtless 
have been reduced to two, especially if 
greater attention had been given to cov¬ 
ering thoroughly the adults at the first 
spraying. With large trees and dense 
foliage, the difficulty of completely coat¬ 
ing the limbs may of course render more 
applications desirable for compete con¬ 
trol, though doubtless the use e f lime- 
sulphur in the ordinary applications 
against apple scab will reduce the ne¬ 
cessity for extra Summer applications 
against scale. 
This work is important in showing: 
(1) that it is entirely possible and prac¬ 
ticable to control scale by Summer ap¬ 
plications aione, if conditions have pre¬ 
vented this being done by the usual 
spraying during the dormant season. In 
fact, the adults appear to be much more 
vulnerable at the times indicated above 
than they are even during the latter part 
of the dormant period, and Foibes in 
Illinois has already shown that March 
sprayings are very much more effective 
than those in January. It is not ad¬ 
vised, however, that Summer control be 
substituted for the usual sprajing for 
scale when the latter can be satisfactorily 
given. Summer control is to be consid¬ 
ered rather as a supplement to the usual 
scale spraying, or as an additional 
weapon for use when the other fails. 
(2) This work further shows that the 
excess of lime in the old, homemade 
lime-sulphur, or its addition to the di¬ 
luted clear solutions at spraying time is 
entirely unnecessary so far as efficiency 
in scale-killing is concerned. Moreover, 
the value of the extra lime even as a 
“marker” is also very questionable, since 
the clear solution makes a satisfactory 
mark if applied in sufficient amount. 
(3) The remarkable efficiency of the 
clear lime-sulphur is further emphasized. 
It has here killed both adult and young 
scales, even when diluted to thiee times 
the customary amounts. And the evi¬ 
dence indicates that the young can be 
killed by distinctly greater dilutions. 
Penna. Exp. Station, j. p. oTewart. 
DON’T HAVE WET FEET 
ONLY ONE PROFIT FROM OI'R F 
TO VOTR . FEET, and VOI R MONEY 
BACK IF NOT SATISFIED. 
IVrite us for full particulars and prices. 
THE HASKIN SHOE MFG. CO., 
DEPT. A, STITTVILLE, ONEIDA CO., N. Y. 
N OTHING else causes so much sickness as poor shoes— 
damp or wet feet causes colds, rheumatism, pneumonia, 
often with fatal consequences. Rubber-boots are unhealthful 
The only comfortable, healthful foot wear is a good leather 
shoe that will keep water and dampness away from the foot— 
THE HASKIN SHOE 
will do it. It is just the shoe for farmers. The uppers 
are made of the very best leather, and the bottoms are se¬ 
lected from the best wearing stock. Well put together, 
and right in every way. 
These shoes have been under our guarantee to the 
trade for 19 years and not a pair returned. Try a 
pair this fall and you will have “ shoe comfort ” 
combined with “ shoe economy .” 
Wins 
Ever^ 
Race! 
Flexible Fiver 
"The sled that steers” 
y constructed. Perfect steering control. Has 
over seven inches more steering surface than other sleds. Our patented 
spring steel runners are grooved and prevent “skidding.” This is far 
superior to flat or rounded runners on ice or snow. Light enough to easily pull up liill. 
yet so strong it outlasts three ordinary sleds. Just the sled for !.ov or girl. Can he steered 
at full speed m any direction, around all obstacles and past other sleds. If you wish the 
advantage of these exclusive features insist on a Flexible Flyer and look for this trademark. 
Card-board model free 
Let us send it. Also booklet, beautifully illustrated in colors, show¬ 
ing coasting scenes, etc. A postal will bring both. WntcMo-day. 
S. L. ALLEN & C0. ( Boxno 2 E, Philadelphia, Pa. 
You Have Preyed on the Soil Long Enough! 
It is time to pay back something to it. What shall it be? Will you give 
back soluble, concentrated food, or will you “buy bulk” in big bags of 
low-grade, badly-balanced plant food? If you can’t break younself of the 
“same old brand” habit, buy some Potash — real, soluble, high-grade 
plant food — to mix with the old brand. 
Ask your dealer to carry Potash in stock — 
we will sell him, or you, a carload or a ton 
Write for prices, and for our new pamphlet on Fall Fertilizers, telling you how to 
improve the old brands and how to mix better ones at home for less money. It will pay 
you to do it, for _ 
Potash 
GERMAN KALI WORKS, Continental Building, Baltimore, Md. 
PETER COOPER’S PURE BONE DUST 
THE OLD RELIABLE SINCE 1827 
STERLING BRANDS 
OF COMPLETE FERTILIZERS 
SPECIAL BLENDS FOR SPECIAL CROPS 
•• : Write tor Particulars : : 
PETER COOPER'S FERTILIZER, 'VrSSST 
BRAN DS 
Burns gasoline 
mixed with air. 
Clean, odorless, 
economical, 
permitted by insur¬ 
ance underwriters. 
Two weeks’ trial. 
Get copy of Guarantee Bond and 
catalog. 108 styles fixtures. No 
agents. Sold direct to you. 
. SUN VAPOR LIGHT CO. 
U16 Market St. Canton, 0 
—99 e Xoo % Pure— 
American Ingot Iron Roofing 
Guaranteed For 30 Years 
Without Painting 
The Only Guaranteed Metal Roofing ever put on the 
market. Samples free. Write for a free book showing 
remarkable tests. A way out of your roof troubles. 
THE AMERICAN IRON ROOFING CO., Dept. 0. ELYHIA, OHIO 
ze 
iTTTTT 
is 
Smooth,^ 
Louden Sanitary Barn^Equipment finished by the Louden Special Galvanizing process 
acme of dairying sanitation. A milky white surface of pure zinc—impervious to all corrosive elements—won’t flake or chip off. omwin * 
clean, bright and cheerful. This is our own process—far superior to ordinary galvanizing—done in our own factory under the supervis¬ 
ion of the men who are responsible for Louden Quality, being standard of the world. P 
,it Louden Sanitary Stalls— made of tubular steel with malleable fittings—economical of floor space—sufficiently roomy— 
allow free circulation of air and light protect cows from injury—afford perfect sanitation—results impossible with wooden equipment. 
. , . L °“,? S .®* e ® * a, ?. chion * , , th . c , pcrfe< :f stanc hion—light, neat, practically indestructible. Afford cows perfect comfort 
but keep them lined up. Positive cow proof latch, easily opened with gloved hand. No sharp corners—no wood to catch or hold dirt. 
j U ^ enS ..^ r ? e ^ a ! 1< ? Litter Carriers cut barn work in half. The handiest things you can put in your barn. One 1 ' 
man can do the work of two—do it quicker, better and easier. Run on overhead track. Will earn their cost many times over in a year 
Have exclusive Louden Patented features, not found in any others. ’ * year. 
k° u ‘* en .l!' <lui Pm e l't i n your barn will not only save you time and labor, but by affording clean healthy quarters and com¬ 
fort to your cows, increase the milk both in quality and quantity. Your profits increase accordingly. 
• j amount of work will keep wooden stalls clean and sanitary—no amount of brushing and scrubbing will destroy germs lurkine 
m dark corners. Louden Sanitary Equipment is cheaper than antiquated wooden equipment. Once installed it lasts a lifetime. Used 
and endorsed by more experienced, successful dairymen and farmers than all others x 
There is 40 years experience behind Louden Quality-that’s the reason you will find it cheaper to equip your barn 
and save yourself money and disappointment. r H y 7 
d 
Our catalog of money and labor saving barn equipment is Fr66« 
LOUDE.N MACHINERY CO.. 
The Louden Way" at first 
Jon Should Have II. Write for it today. 
Broadway. Fairfield, Iowa. 
