1010 . 
THE RURAL NEW-YORKER 
1039 
WIND OR NOISE AND FROST. 
O. 8. P .—What has been learned about 
the effect of frost protection through move¬ 
ment of air? Is it true that when the 
temperature is below freezing, movement 
of air is any protection to plants? Would 
the vibration due to blowing whistles or 
ringing bells have any effect in preventing 
frost injury? 
Ans. —The Bureau of Plant Industry 
at Washington states in regard to this: 
So far as I have observed, the ouiy ben¬ 
eficial effect of air movement at such times 
comes through the equalizing of the air 
temperature by the thorough mixing of 
the air. This prevents settling and stagna¬ 
tion of cold air into low spots, and con¬ 
sequently often reduces the injury to vege¬ 
tation in such spots. On the other hand, 
at any given temperature heat is with¬ 
drawn from vegetation more rapidly by air 
in motion than by still air, and in such a 
case, injury would occur quicker with air 
in motion than with still air. 
Our own farm is located on a steep 
hillside. We have tested this matter by 
carrying a thermometer down from the 
hill top to the valley. On still morn¬ 
ings the mercury will often drop five 
or more degrees during this journey, 
while when the wind is blowing there 
will be little if any difference. This 
seems to bear out the theory that on 
still nights the cool air rolls down into 
the valley leaving the hills warmer, 
while on windy nights the air is well 
mixed so that the temperature is equal¬ 
ized. It may be that the wind by mix¬ 
ing the air gives a higher valley tempera¬ 
ture than would otherwise be the case. 
The following statement is made by 
the Chief of the U. S. Weather Bureau: 
“The frost injury to a plant comes as 
a result of its own low temperature, 
procured through the abstraction of heat 
by cold air or as a result of its own 
radiation. When the sky is clear plants 
lose heat rapidly by radiation to space 
and, therefore, when the air is still, 
those near the ground often reach tem¬ 
peratures several degrees colder than 
that of the air only a few feet above them. 
Winds, however, prevent this excessive 
cooling by bringing to the radiating 
plant a constant stream of relatively 
warm air. That is, when it is windy 
the temperature of the plant is approx¬ 
imately the same as that of the air, 
but when the atmosphere is still and 
the sky is clear the temperature of the 
plant often is much colder than the air 
just above it and through which it loses 
heat by radiation. In the foregoing, 
complications due to air drainage, so ef¬ 
fective among hills and valleys, have 
been assumed absent. 
“Now a temperature of 31° F., though 
a degree below the freezing point of 
pure water, may not injure certain 
plants, while a temperature of 25° will. 
Consequently a wind, when the ther¬ 
mometer reads 31°, will protect from 
frost injuries by holding the temperature 
of the plant also up to 31°, while clear 
skies and a calm, even when the ther¬ 
mometer reads 35°, may, in the absence 
of air drainage, permit green plants to 
cool several degrees below the freezing 
point and therefore to be badly in¬ 
jured. In regard to the vibrations due 
to bells, whistles, etc., it may safetly be 
admitted that the energy of these vibra¬ 
tions finally becomes all heat energy; 
but the rise in temperature of the air 
due to even a pandemonium of bells 
and whistles nrobably could not be de¬ 
tected by any ordinary thermometer. 
The ringing of bells and the blowing of 
whistles cannot, therefore, be recom¬ 
mended as a practical method for ward¬ 
ing off frosts.” 
Lime and Green Manure. 
E. G. L., Scott, N. Y.—When plowing 
under a green manure crop and anplying 
lime in connection, do you sow the lime on 
the crop after it is rolled down prepara¬ 
tory to plowing under? When sowing 
Canada peas in early Spring to b*' plowed 
under when in blossom,' what ouantity do 
you sow per acre? What fertilizer would 
you use, and how much on hill land for 
Canada peas for green manure, soil rather 
loose and light? 
Ans. —Our plan is to sow the lime as 
soon as we can after plowing. Then 
roll the ground and harrow. Lime on 
the rough furrows gives a chance to 
work it thoroughly into the soil and this 
is needed. We should use six pecks of 
Canada peas to the acre for plowing 
under, though we have not used the 
crop for that purpose. On such soil 
for peas we should want a mixture of 
about 2 x / 2 nitrogen, eight phosphoric acid 
and six potash—at least 400 pounds per 
acre. 
PRIZE BUTTER IN NORTH DAKOTA. 
[The following notes show how prize 
butter at the North Dakota Fair was 
made.] 
From one and two days’ cream, some of 
it being three days old, the cream was 
brought in the forenoon, to which I added 
a good starter, about 35 per cent. I then 
warmed the cream to a temperature of 67 
degrees, and held at that temperature for 
four hours. I then cooled it down to 48 
degrees with water. I used no ice; held 
it at that temperature for three hours. 
1 then churned: butter came in about 35 
minutes. I washed the butter with water 
same temperature as buttermilk, salted, 
and worked 18 revolutions. I believe it 
does pay to keep the special dairy breed. 
The reason I say this is because they will 
always produce more from the same ra¬ 
tion, and always are worth more, and bet¬ 
ter in every way you might figure. The 
cheapest dairy ration in this section is corn 
fodder. hans larson. 
Burleigh Co., N. D. 
The butter was made from one day’s 
milk, and the hand separator cream was 
two days old. We keep after the patrons 
pretty close, seeing that they take good 
care of the milk and cream that they de¬ 
liver at the creamery. After I have re¬ 
ceived it the greatest care is given to clean¬ 
liness as regards everything that comes in 
contact with the cream, and a close watch¬ 
ing of the temperature is a very important 
thing. In regard to the breed of cows, 
those kept in this State are mostly com¬ 
mon cows, as yet a mixture of all kinds, 
only for the last two years they have been 
starting to improve their herds more for 
dairying. They are getting in some Hol- 
steins, purebred, of course, and try to breed 
their stock up for more profitable dairying. 
There are a few purebred Holstein cows in 
the neighborhood, and they prove very sat¬ 
isfactory, so in a few years we expect to 
be much advanced in the dairy breeds. I 
think that it would be a wise idea to keep 
a special dairy breed. The best and cheap¬ 
est dairy ration so far used is corn fodder, 
millet hay and bran. Of course as yet we 
have no silos, but I think they would be 
a great improvement to the production of 
cheap milk and more of it. Some use 
ground barley instead of bran, and find it 
very good. Of course the farmers are all 
experimenting, everybody feeding a differ¬ 
ent ration, so it is pretty hard for me to 
say what is really the best and cheapest. 
Corn fodder, millet and bran and some 
prairie hay is mostly used and gives much 
satisfaction. chas. h. tellmann. 
Morton Co., N. Dak. 
MICHIGAN DAIRIES. 
In this vicinity the Jersey cow is gaining 
in favor, but in sections where there aie 
cheese factories and condensing plants in¬ 
stead of creameries, the Holsteins are in 
great demand. The special dairy cow—one. 
that will produce more milk and butter—■ 
is what the farmers are looking for. The 
feed is principally corn fodder and clov.r 
hay with the grains grown on the farm. 
Among the most progressive of the farmers 
there are a great many silos being built, 
and with the silage they feed some cotton¬ 
seed meal, gluten feed, etc. The general 
outlook for dairying is good. 
ARTHUR S. NCNNEI.EY. 
Iona Co., Mich. 
The cattle that produced the milk from 
which my butter was made were mostly 
Durhams, Jerseys and Holsteins. From all 
indications the special dairy breeds are 
gaining in favor. The grains mostly fed 
are corn, oats, bran and cotton-seed. Dairy¬ 
ing in Michigan is improving, but there 
is ample room for improvement, and in my 
opinion, instead of our State Dairy Depart¬ 
ment devoting so much time and study to 
trying to teach our butter makers how to 
doctor up old stale milk and cream they 
ought to go to the real source of the 
trouble; to the dairy farmer; teach and 
compel him to take proper care of his daii’y 
herd, cream, milk etc. The old saying, “An 
ounce of prevention is worth a pound of 
cure,” holds good in the dairy business 
also. c. f. hack. 
Michigan. 
Bulletin 145 of the Indiana Station (La¬ 
fayette) gave a complete discussion of 
“Testing Cream for Butter Fat.” 
This section of the country is mostly 
adapted to dairying, as the land is rough. 
Oats and buckwheat are the only grain 
which we can raise. The farmers are gen¬ 
erally satisfied with the price of milk. They 
do not keep a high grade of cattle, although 
they bring sweet clean milk with a good 
per cent, of fat. I think that the great¬ 
est thing needed for the profit of the far¬ 
mers is a high grade of cattle, which will 
produce a larger quantity of milk with a 
good per cent, of fat. J. w. Rogers. 
Erie Co., N. Y. 
At the meeting of the Pennsylvania 
Dairy Union the president, W. E. Per- 
ham, made the statement that of the 
1,200,000 cows in that State, probably 
seven-eighths are the common cows, which 
more than eat their heads off every 
year, and which are not capable of 
producing 150 pounds of butter fat a year. 
The breeders of purebred stock claim that 
“grading up” is the salvation of dairying. 
The question is, why do not dairymen 
make greater use of pure blood? 
The milk situation in this locality seems 
somewhat more favorable to the producer 
than heretofore. The price is better, hay 
and fodder abundant, and the price of feed 
lower. Farmers have had little encourage¬ 
ment to intensify farm operations. I think 
the cry, “back to the farms,” is of no real 
value to the farmer. What we need is 
scarcity enough of farm products so that 
we can receive a price that will hold out 
some inducement to encourage the farmer 
to grow more and better products; then 
the standard of milk can be raised and we 
can meet the requix-ements. The prices of 
milk at this place are for October. SI.85; 
November, $1.95 ; December, $2: January, 
$2; February, $1.95; March, $1.75. Cows 
are very high in price and scarce, ranging 
from $40 to $100, probably • 25 per cgnt. 
higher than one year ago, caused by very 
abundant fodder harvest as well as by the 
enhanced price of milk. Give the farmer 
the price and he will meet any requirements 
as to quality and quantity, but it is fool¬ 
ish to ask for a superior article below liv¬ 
ing prices. w. e. kay. 
Herkimer Co., N. Y. 
FARM AND GARDEN.—The new build¬ 
ing devoted to entomology and zoology will 
be dedicated at the Massachusetts Agri- 
cultui-al College, Amherst, Mass., Novem¬ 
ber 11. 
A rough estimate of the fire loss on the 
national forests in Montana and northern 
Idaho, upon which the forest officers of 
the Department of Agriculture have been 
engaged since the fires were put out, puts 
the total amount of timber killed or des¬ 
troyed in this one district at over 6,000,- 
000,000 board feet, while the area burned 
over is more than one and a quarter mil¬ 
lion acres. The Department of Agriculture 
will push vigorously to dispose of the fire- 
killed timber. As with all other national 
forest timber, it will be sold on the stump 
to mill men, who will lumber the land, 
paying a set price per thousand board feet 
for the timber and conforming to whatever 
regulations are stipulated in the interest of 
the forest. Pending the disposal of this 
fire-killed timber, future sales of green tim¬ 
ber from the national forests which were 
badly burned last summer will probably be 
greatly restricted if not entirely suspended. 
How much of the 6,000,000,000 feet which 
was either killed or burned in Montana and 
northern Idaho can eventually be salvaged 
the officials say it is impossible to predict. 
It is believed that last Summer’s fire either 
burned up or killed between one and two 
per cent, of the total stand of national for¬ 
est timber. At the present rate of cutting 
from the national forests 6,000,000,000 feet 
is equal to 12 years’ supply. 
The second national flower show will be 
held in the Mechanic Building, Boston, 
Mass., March 27 to April 1, inclusive, 1911. 
The exhibition will be held under the au¬ 
spices of the Society of American Florists, 
assisted by the American Rose Society, the 
American Carnation Society, and the Massa¬ 
chusetts Horticultural Society. Over $10,- 
000 in prizes will bo awarded in the various 
classes. The general manager is Chester I. 
Campbell, 5 Park Squai-e, Boston. 
The movement of grain to the head of the 
Canadian lakes exceeds in volume that of 
any other year. 22,000,000 bushels having 
gone through Winnipeg for export via the 
water route this Fall. All other traffic is 
being side-tracked for the grain rush. Even 
passenger travel has given way to fast 
grain trains. The opening of traffic on 
the Grand Trunk Pacific from Edmonton 
to Fort William has expedited the grain 
movement largely. Before navigation closes 
it is expected that the bulk of grain from 
the Canadian Northwest will be well 
cleaned up. High prices have caused 
farmers to release all their grain instead 
of holding it for later sale. 
A census bulletin soon to be issued is 
expected to add to the discussion of the 
causes for the present high cost of living. 
This bulletin will give in part the returns 
of the agricultural census made this yea r 
under the direction of the Federal authori¬ 
ties. It will show that whereas the pres¬ 
ent value of all the farms in the United 
States is approximately $50,000,000,000 
as compared with a little more than $20,- 
000.000.000 in 1900 the total acreage has 
declined. According to officials the total 
value of farm land, buildings aud imple¬ 
ments has increased enormously as com¬ 
pared with values disclosed in the census 
of 1900. The value of farm lands in 1900 
was fixed by the census of that year at 
$20,500,000,000. more than double the ag¬ 
gregate of capital invested in manufac¬ 
tures. The expenditures for farm labor 
are said to show a general increase of 50 
per cent. This increase is l-epresented by 
an increase in wages paid on the farm, the 
figures showing that there has been no 
increase in the number of laborers em¬ 
ployed. 
David Rankin, operator of the largest 
farm in the world, died at Tarkio, Mo., 
October 18, aged 85. He began his career 
in 1846 with half a yoke of oxen—one 
bull. On the 25,640 acres he leaves 250 
men are employed. He planted 19,000 
acres to corn a year, yielding about 1,000,- 
000 bushels. One thousand horses and 
mules are required to do the work of this 
vast farm, and Mr. Rankin bought 250 
carloads of feeding cattle at a time, his 
freight bills running as high as $25,000 for 
one shipment. In one field he had 6,000 
acres of corn, the largest cornfield in the 
world. This millionaire farmer raised more 
corn each year than the nine States of 
Utah. Oregon, Washington, Arizona, Idaho, 
Montana, Rhode Island, Wyoming and Ne¬ 
vada combined. He did not sell his corn, 
but fed it to cattle and hogs, holding that 
the latter were nearly all profit. lie did 
not pay much attention to nitrogen, ph.e.s- 
phates or potash in the soils, holding that 
his land was inexhaustibly fertile, but he 
favored agricultural schools and the “new 
farming.” no was worth about $4,000,000. 
In 1847 Mr. Rankin drove a bunch of cat¬ 
tle to Chicago, driving them across the 
prairie so they could feed as they traveled. 
There were no regular packing houses in 
those days, except in the Winter. They 
were all closed in the Summer, as there 
was no such thing as cold storage and re¬ 
frigerating plants. In 1848 Mr. Rankin, 
ever on the alert for improved machinery, 
bought one of the earliest types of reapers. 
It wasn’t to be compared with the modern 
self-binder, but it was a great imni’ove- 
ment over the cradle. It cost $125 and 
cut a five-foot swath. Three men were 
inquired to operate it. Mr. Rankin was 
married in 1850 and ‘ he paid his last $4 
to the preacher. But he had 80 acres of 
land at that time and a few head of cat¬ 
tle. They had to trade for everything to 
eat and wear. It was in 1865 that Mr. 
Rankin first began to make big money. He 
bought cattle in Chicago at $1.25 a 100 
pounds, took them to Paxton, fed them 
corn, fattened them and sold them in New 
Yoi'k at $6.50 a 100. Then he embarked 
in the broom corn business, having pur¬ 
chased a large area of land, and he cleaned 
up $200,000 in this venture, which people 
said would break him. 
Charles E. Ellis and Erwin R. Gi’aves, 
who have been on trial before Judge Hand 
and a jury in the United States Circuit 
Court in New York for nearly three weeks 
on the charge of using the mails to defraud 
by selling the Kornit Manufacturing Com¬ 
pany stock, were found guiltv October 25. 
They were admitted to bail in the sum of 
$25,000 each. Ellis got bail and was re¬ 
leased. Graves went to the Tombs. 
Whether or not you start 
with one 
Sooner or Later 
you will buy a 
DE LAVAL 
The more you come to know about cream 
separators the better you will understand the 
overwhelming superiority of the Db Laval. 
THE DE LAVAL SEPARATOR CO. 
165-167 BROADWAY, 
NEW YORK. 
42 E. MADISON ST. 
CHICAGO. . 
SAVE HALF THE LABOR 
moves 
easily—cut of saw is down inst<r.d of 
against tho operator ns in old style ma¬ 
chines. Must be seen to be appreciated. vVe also 
manufacture Drag Saws, Saw- and shingle Mills. 
Get our prices oil Canvas Bellini;; they will surprise you. 
Send for prices and full information. 
Ireland Machine & Foundry Co.,14 State St.,Norwich, N.Y. 
in sawing wood. You can do 
this and at tho same time, 
out more wood in a given 
time than in any other way 
by using 
FARMERS* FENCE 
is a strong, durable, neat looking 
oven-mesh fence, made with 
“The Knot That 
Cannot Slip” 
Different from all other ties, 
clamps, weaves or welds on the market. Cannot 
slip to mar the galvanizing; does not cause the 
wire to break just beyond the joints; has no 
protruding ends to snag animals. Sample knot 
and catalog free. Write today. A postal will do. 
AGENTS WANTED. Dealers and farmer agents where 
we are not represented. Write quick for choice territory. 
FARMERS’ FENCE CO., Box 804 Bellefontame, Ohio 
ft 
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- ( A' i 
Ornamental Fence Lawns, Churches, Cem¬ 
eteries, Public Grounds. Also Wrought Iron Fence. Cutuloguo 
free. Write for Special Offer. / 
THE WARD FENCE CO., Box 443 Decatur. Ind. 
USE YOUR WAGON EVERY 
DAY IN THE YEAR. 
These attachment runners will enable you to make 
a winter vehicle of your wagon. Only four bolts 
required to securely attach each runner. They do 
not spring the axle because the strain comes near 
tho center, not on the ends. Write for description, 
prices, measurement blanks, etc. 
THEY ARE MADE TO FIT ANY STYLE OF OELIVERY WAGON 
THE PARSONS WAGON CO., 
Dairy Dept. Karlville, N. Y. 
BEFORE YOU BUY WRITE FOR 
NEW CATALOG DESCRIBING THE 
^ GUARANTEED MONEY-SAVING 
far INTERNATIONAL 
WHEW 
iii™;*- 
iinnB 
III-.-Pi* 
SILOS 
strongest built, simplest to put up and easiest operated 
on the market. Adjustable automatic take-up hoop- 
continuous open-door front—air-tight door and per¬ 
manent ladder are some of the unusual features. Th« 
International 811 a 113 Main 8t.. LinosTilla* 
iROWN FENCES 
2 ! 
Strongest, most durable fence 
made. Heaviest, closest wires. Doubio 
^galvanized. Practically indestruci.ble. Stock 
strong Chickentight. 14 to 35c per rod. Sample free. Wcpayfru 
The Brown Fence & Wire Co.. Dept. 59 Cleveland, Ohio 
THE LEVIN PRUNER 
The best pruner. Cuts ^4-inch dry 
branch. Quick, clean, easy cut. We 
will send it post paid for club of two 
new yearly subscriptions at $1 each, 
or for club of 10 ten weeks trials at 10 
cents each. 
The Rural New-Yorker, New York 
