1910. 
THE RURAL NEW-YORKER 
1141 
“REDUCING” BONES ON THE FARM. 
C. TF., Corineautville, Pa .—On page 983 
F. B. Taylor gives a process for the manu¬ 
facture of fertilizer on the farm. Would 
Mr. Taylor make a few points a little 
plainer? What is to be done with fat, 
after separated from flesh and bones? How 
is the drying process executed before all 
parts can be ground? How handle large 
bones from grown horses and cattle, in 
order to fit them for grinding? 
Ans. —In regard to the fat after cook¬ 
ing, it can be used as an axle grease, 
though it is inferior to the kinds on the 
market. It makes a very good lubricant 
for the cylinders of steam engines, and is 
also used in the manufacture of soap. It 
is sold for all three of the above pur¬ 
poses in the packing houses. As it is a 
hydro-carbon, it has very little use as a 
fertilizer, and would be very hard to dis¬ 
tribute on account of its greasiness. It 
may be well to state here that all animal 
greases are dangerous to persons when 
brought in contact with sores or fresh 
cuts, as blood poisoning is likely to re¬ 
sult. All the tallow should be removed 
by skimming before the tank liquor is 
drawn off. The drying is done by plac¬ 
ing the material in a tank with a coil as 
described in the article. The manufac¬ 
turers of fertilizers use a press to press 
out the stick or tank liquor, as they do 
not want to lose the time waiting for it 
to drain. They also save some of the 
tankage in this way that would otherwise 
be lost in the drier. The size and kind 
of coil and drying tank would decide 
the size of the material to be dried at 
one filling. When the material is dried 
to the Light consistency, it should 
crumble and flake up when beaten in a 
mortar, except the bones. The larger 
bones should be cut up into convenient 
size for handling, and also to fit the 
hopper of the grinding mill used; all 
marrow bones should be broken before 
cooking. On a fertilizer farm in south¬ 
eastern Pennsylvania the carcass is cut 
up and the bones placed under a set of 
heavy knives which cut and break them 
into lengths about six inches long. The 
owner of this farm started in on a small 
scale, but now devotes his whole farm 
to the manufacture of fertilizer, buying 
the dead carcasses from the farmers in 
the neighborhood. F. b. t. 
HOTBED QUESTIONS. 
L. M. Iievere, Mass .—Will you give me 
full information how to make a hotbed and 
a cold frame, and which is the better for 
growing lettuce and cucumbers? I am 
only a girl of 14 and would like to try them. 
Will a nice sunny slope running to the 
south be a good place? We have just been 
on a farm three mouths but papa has had 
your paper for over eight years. 
Ans. — I am taking great interest in 
trying to answer these questions 'for a 
young girl of 14 years of age, and I 
trust she will take as much pleasure in 
her work of caring for hotbeds and cold 
frames as I do in trying to make plain 
the methods of handling them. The cold 
frames are simple affairs; they consist 
of two lines of boards set along on top 
of the ground about six feet apart, which 
is the usual length of hotbed sash, no 
excavation being required. The back part 
of these frames should be about three or 
four inches higher than the front or 
lower line of boards. Strong stakes or 
posts are driven at each end of the 
boards and one in the center to hold 
them in position. They are made any 
length required according to the number 
of sash to be used. There are no cross 
bars or parting strips used in the cold 
frame, as they are not required. When 
the two lines of boards are set, the sash 
are all placed in position, one after the 
other, on the boards; the ends are then 
sawed square with the sash, boards are 
then nailed to fit the ends, and the work 
of making the frame is then completed. 
When we are ready to plant a cold frame, 
which is usually about the first week in 
March, we spread about four inches of 
well rotted manure in the frame, and the 
soil is spaded up and raked the same as 
we do in our gardens. Then we are ready 
to sow the seed of all such early vege¬ 
tables as radish, beets, parsley and car¬ 
rots. Where lettuce is to be grown the 
plants should be ready to set in the frame 
instead of sowing the seed. Abor jO or 
60 plants to each sash, evenly spaced, is 
the usual number for planting in the 
frames. When the lettuce is fit for mar¬ 
ket it is cut and followed by a crop of 
cucumbers; plants that have been started 
in hotbeds are best to use if properly 
grown, but in the absence of plants the 
seed is often planted, one hill in the cen¬ 
ter of each sash space of the frame. The 
cucumber should not be planted very 
early in hotbeds or cold frames, as it is 
a very tender plant, and sensitive to sud¬ 
den changes, and early Spring or Winter 
planting would be certain failure. The 
first use we make of the cold frame is 
in the Fall for wintering over cabbage, 
cauliflower and lettuce plants for plant¬ 
ing in the open ground in the early 
Spring; in fact the cold frame is always 
in use and indispensable in the market 
garden. 
The manure hotbed in outward appear¬ 
ance resembles the cold frame except that 
two boards should be used on the north 
side instead' of one, and they should al¬ 
ways slope to the south. The interior 
should be excavated from one to two feet 
in depth. This, however, will depend on 
location and the time of planting. Enough 
fresh horse manure is placed in the bed 
to produce a mild or gentle heat. This 
is covered with soil or sand, sometimes 
in equal parts, depending on the seed to 
be planted. For starting tomatoes, egg 
plants and peppers and in fact all seeds 
that arc to be transplanted, I prefer to 
sow them in flats and set them level on 
the newly prepared surface of the bed. 
In this way we can start great quantities 
of plants in one hotbed and remove them 
to other hotbeds or cold frames when 
large enough. It is well to understand 
that the chief and important use of the 
hotbed is for germinating the seed of the 
more tender varieties of vegetables rather 
than growing them to maturity. The 
great and constant care they require and 
the uncertainties connected with them are 
feared by practical growers, and they 
have turned their attention of late years 
to the greenhouses, which are far more 
practical for general use. t. m. white. 
Monmouth Co., N. J. 
Onion Maggot. —Some time ago you 
asked for a remedy for onion maggots. I 
do not know of a remedy for them. The 
onion growers here do not advise the use 
of barnyard manure for onions. They are 
of the opinion that the .maggots are likely 
to be more harmful the second year after 
applying the manure. The onions grown in 
Noble County are grown on what we call 
marsh land or muck. There are hundreds 
of carloads of onions grown in Noble 
County every year. w. 
Indiana. 
f ---—> 
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V-- J 
All Roads Look 
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