1847 
THE CULTIVATOR, 
173 
CHAFF AND HULLS, EXPRESSED IN PER CENT. 
Name. 
Chaff and 
hulls at 100°. 
Ashes of 
chaff or hulls 
Woody fibre. 
Common Winter Barley,. 
5 40 
1.90 
5.30 
Panic led Oats,. 
16.66 
3.35 
16.10 
Tartarian Buckwheat,_ 
22.67 
0.08 
22.66 
Table Peas..... 
7.65 
2,47 
7.47 
Field Peas. .............. 
6.11 
1.86 
6.00 
Table Beans, .. 
4 01 
3.S4 
3 86 
Large white Beans,. 
4.41 
7.48 
4.09 
TABLE 
, Of Nitrogenous Ingredients in per rents 
Name. 
Nitrogenous 
Dried at 
100° C. 
Ingredients. 
In fresh 
condition. 
Water 
Wheat flour, Vienna, No 1. 
19.15 ' 
16.51 
13.83 
“ “ . “ No. 2,.... 
13 54 
11.69 
13.65 
“ “ No. 3. 
21 .97 
19. 17 
12.73 
Talavera wheat, Hohenheim... . 
16 54 
13 98 
15.43 
Whirti ngton wheat/Holienheim. 
17.11 
14.7-2 
13.93 
Sandomierz “ “ 
17 18 
14.51 
15.48 
Rye flpur, Vienna,. 
11 94 
, 10.34 
13-78 
Rve flour Vienna, No. 2,. 
18.71 
15.96 
14.68 
Bush rye, Hoheuheim, ......... 
17.75 
15.27 
13.94 
Rush “ 
5.77 
13.59 
13.82 
Polenta meal, Vienna. 
13 66 
11.53 
13.36 
Yellow Indian corn, Hohenheim, 
14 68 
12.48 
1496 
Triticum monococcuin, Giessen, 
13.22 
11.30 
14.40 
Jerusalem barley, Hohenheim.. . 
14.74 
12.26 
16.79 
Common winter barley. Hoh’rn, 
- 17.81 
15.35 
13.80 
Kamschafka oats, Hohenheim,. 
15,26 
13.32 
12.71 
Early panicled oats,. 
18.00 
15.67 
12.94 
The same, without chaff,. 
21.57 
18 78 
12.94 
Common rice..... 
7.40 
6.27 
15.14 
Buckwheat meal, Vienna. 
6.89 
5.84 
15 12 
Tartarian buckwheat, Hohen’m, 
9.96 
7.94 
14.19 
Table peas. Vienna,.. 
28.02 
24.41 
13.43 
Field peas. Giessen,... 
29.18 
23 49 
19.50 
Table beans Vienna. 
28 45 
24.71 
13 41 
Large white beans, Giessen,.... 
29.31 
24 67 
15.80 
Lentils, Vienna, . 
03.46 
26.50 
13.01 
White potatoes, Giessen. 
9.96 
2 49 
74.95' 
Blue potatoes," 
7.66 
2.37 
68.49 
Carrots, “ 
Red beets, . 
10.66 
1.48 
86.10 
15.50 
2.83 
81.61 
Yellow French beet, “ . 
11.56 
2.04 
82.25 
Ruta batra beet, “ 
9.25 
1.54 
83.28 
White round turneps, “ ....... 
Onions, “ 
12.64 
7.53 
1 54 
0 46 
87. 78 
93.78 
tabular view 
Of Nutriment values expressed in equivalents , wheat placed at 100. 
Name. 
Theory. 
Experiment. 
Dried at 
100° C. 
i n fresh con¬ 
dition. 
In fresh con¬ 
dition. 
Wheat,. 0......... 
100. 
100. 
94. 
Rye,. . 
98 8 
97.6 
97.6 
Indian corn,__ 
115. 
113. 
108. 
Triticum monococcum, .. 
128. 
124.6 
Barley, ... 
104. 
102 
101 5 
Panicled oats,. 
92. 
90. 
112 7 
The same, without chaff,. 
78. 
76 3 
Kamschatka oats,. 
110. 
106. 
112.7 
Common rice, .. 
220. 
225. 
Tartarian buckwheat.... 
170. 
166. 
122.7 
Table peas,.... 
59.9 
57.6 
90.7 
Field peas,. 
57.7 
60. 
90.7 
Table beans. 
59.2 
57. 
90.7 
Large white beans.. 
58.8 
57. 
94.7 
Linsen....... 
55.5 
53. 
While potatoes. 
169.8 
565 6 
429. 
Blue potatoes. 
220.8 
596.3 
429. 
Carrots.. 
158.6 
959 4 
545.4 
R f d beets,. 
109. 
501 5 
Yellow French beet,.... 
146. 
689.5 
643. 
Ruta baga. 
182.7 
919.4 
5S9.7 
White turneps,. 
133.8 
919.4 
1000. 
On-o'ns. 
224.6 
210 6 
The last column, in the above table, contains the ave¬ 
rage results of experiments with a view to practical 
equivalents, as given by Boussingault, pp. 292, 295 
German ed. One of the results with wheat differs so 
greatly from the others, that it was neglected. 
conclusions. 
By comparing the results of the above investigation 
with each other, and with those previously known, the 
following conclusions have been arrived at. 
That the same species of cereal grain, grown on dif¬ 
ferent soils, may yield unequal percentages of nitrogen. 
That wheat and rye flours, to the eye and sense of 
feeling undistinguishable from each other, may differ 
by from one to three-tenths of their whole quantity of 
nitrogen. 
That one-seventh of fresh, ripe cereal grains, is 
moisture, that may be expelled at a temperature of 
100° C, 
That root crops grovpn on different soils, may yield 
unequal percentages of nitrogen. 
That the percentage of moisture in edible roots is a 
constant quantity for each variety. 
That beets, carrots, and turneps, have a larger per¬ 
centage of moisture than potatoes. 
That more aliment is contained in a given weight of 
peas, beans, or lentils, than in an equal weight of any 
other kind of food above analyzed. 
That in several of the grains and roots analyzed, 
there are organic bodies beside those identical in com¬ 
position with gluten and starch. 
That the ashes of carrots, beets, turneps, and pota¬ 
toes, as Prof. v. Liebig has already remarked, contain 
carbonates. 
That the ashes of all the varieties of vegetable food 
above analyzed contain iron. 
Finally that the difference between the theoretical 
equivalents of vegetable food, as estimated from the per¬ 
centage of nitrogen, and those ascertained by the ex¬ 
periments of stock growers; and the differences be¬ 
tween the results of different stock growers may be at¬ 
tributed to the following causes:— 
First, because the percentages of nitrogen and car 
bon, in the grains and roots of the same species or va¬ 
riety, when grown on different soils, are unequal. 
Because the prominent test employed has been in¬ 
crease or diminution in weight, of the animal fed. In 
crease in weight may arise from secretion of fat, de 
rived from the sugar and starch of plants. Diminution 
in weight may follow unusual activity, increasing the 
consumption of fat already present. 
Because the experiments in but few instances have 
been made with substances whose moisture, nitrogen, 
&c., had been previously ascertained. 
Because theoretical equivalents have been employed 
in conditions unequally suited to digestion. The same 
article of food, coarse or fine, fresh or prepared for easy 
digestion, yields unequal measures of nutrition. 
Because the condition in which the animals were kept, 
was not noticed; whether they had more or less of la¬ 
bor to perform; whether they were pastured or stall- 
fed. 
Because, lastly, as already intimated, the tendency 
to fat or flesh secretion, in animals of the same species, 
and even of the same variety, is subject to great va¬ 
riation. 
Large pigs—Berkshire blood.—Timothy Brock¬ 
way states in the Boston Cultivator . that Messrs. John 
Samuel Foot, of Bradford, Ct., killed four pigs last 
fall, two of which were nine months and twenty days 
old, and the other two were nine months and twenty- 
eight days old, whose dressed weights were 401, 419. 
423, 473 pounds. It is stated that they were got by 
Mr. Brockway’ s u Improved Berkshire” boar, which 
took the premium at the New Haven show in 1845. 
The pigs were all of one litter,. 
Exportation of Apples. —Elihu Burritt urges the 
attention of the people of Maine to the raising of apples 
for foreign market, stating that apples which in Maine 
are made into cider, or fed to hogs, will command a 
dollar a bushel in England, the cost of sending them he 
estimates at twenty cents per bushel. 
