THE CULTIVATOR. 
June 
!$6 
rately, or not, as is desired. If separate, it will be 
necessary to have short partitions, as represented in 
fig. 33, between each animal, to prevent their interfe¬ 
ring with each other. A space of three and a half feet 
is allowed to each animal, if partitions are made. This 
is not too much room for large stock, though three feet 
only, where there are no divisions, is all that is allowed, 
in many cases. 
Each animal is tied by a chain round the neck to an 
upright stanchion. This mode of fastening is safe and 
convenient, and enables the animals to rest easy. The 
rack and mangers for horses are made in a similar man¬ 
ner to those for cattle, excepting that they are higher, 
and the mangers somewhat larger. 
The cattle stand on a raised platform, which admits 
of their being easily kept clean—the manure and urine 
falling into the gutter, from which they are thrown into 
the cellar. The narrow platform, next the wall, af¬ 
fords a clean and convenient walk, behind the animals, 
and also forms a suitable place to set pails, &c., when 
the cows are milked. Some farmers tie their young 
calves on this platform; but a separate apartment is 
preferable for this purpose. 
The stables are lighted and ventilated by windows in 
the rear. (Owing to the situation of the stables, those 
windows do not appear in the cut.) 
The cattle pass from the cellar and yard into the 
barn, and vice versa, through a door at the farther end 
of tlie stable. Or an inclined way may be made, com¬ 
municating directly with the cellar, from the stable.* 
The advantage of this is, that the cattle are got from 
the yard and cellar into the stalls, without going round 
the end of the barn, which, in bad weather, or when the 
ground is muddy, is quite inconvenient. The ingress and 
egress for horses is the small door in front. A small 
apartment may be reserved next the wall, for harnesses, 
See., and if the whole of the bay is not wanted for hay 
and grain, a room for carriages and for other purposes, 
may be constructed opposite the horse stalls. 
Water should be supplied to the cattle in the cellar. 
It will not be liable to freeze much here, and if properly 
protected against filth, it will be fresh and pure at all 
times. Some, however, prefer watering in the barn, 
and for this purpose have a trough extending through 
the mangers, into which the water is conveyed when¬ 
ever it is desired. 
The cellar forms the best possible receptacle for ma¬ 
nure, all its valuable qualities being here readily pre¬ 
served. The urine, undoubtedly the most valuable portion 
of animal excrement, is incorporated with the dung, and 
by keeping the heap level, and frequently spreading over 
it a quantity of litter or muck to absorb a portion of the 
liquids, the mass is kept in a portable condition, and 
nothing is wasted. Attention, however, should be paid 
to having the cellar sufficiently tight in the first in¬ 
stance. The wall should be made tight, and if the 
ground is open or porous, a layer of clay, or mortar 
made with water-lime, should be spread over it, and al¬ 
lowed to become firm before it is used. 
It is proper to observe that in some situations, from 
the wetness of the ground, it would not be advisable to 
makes cellars. In such cases, a trench two or three 
feet deep, according to the nature of the soil,) and ten 
to fifteen feet wide, may be made with advantage. It 
is advisable to have the trench extend under the barn 
so far that the urine from the cattle may be conveyed 
into it; and if the bottom and sides are prepared as 
above directed for the cellar, and a shed, attached to the 
barn, is erected over it, the manure will be kept without 
much waste, and will be found much stronger than that 
which is exposed to the air in the usual manner. 
The expense of erecting such a barn as is here de- 
* See Feb. number of the Cultivator, page 42 —description of 
Mr. Jaques’ barn, Worcester, Mass. 
scribed, will be from $700 to $900, according to cheap¬ 
ness of materials and labor. 
CULTURE OF TURNEPS. 
It should be remembered that it is not too late 
for sowing turneps. The Swedish turnep, (ruta¬ 
baga,) should be sown, if practicable, as early as 
the middle of June, but the 20 th or 25th of the month 
will answer if they cannot bq got in sooner. The yel¬ 
low Aberdeen is a kind which requires nearly as long 
a season as the ruta-baga. The common flat turnep 
grows much quicker than the kinds before mentioned. 
It will produce a good crop, on tolerably rich land, 
sown as late as the 25th of July or the first of August. 
Ground which has produced a crop of hay, rye, or 
wheat, may give a crop of flat turneps the same sea¬ 
son. They are less nutritive than the other kinds, but 
are, notwithstanding, very useful in feeding stock du¬ 
ring the beginning of winter; and from the convenience 
of cultivating them as an after crop, they are in many 
instances profitable. For late keeping, or feeding in 
the latter part of winter and spring, the Aberdeens and 
Swedes are best. 
A soil inclining to sand is most suitable for turneps. 
Compost of muck and barn-yard dung, with a dressing 
of leached ashes, furnishes a good manure. The seed 
should be sown in drills* Two feet spaces between the 
drills will admit the use of a small harrow or cultiva¬ 
tor in cultivating the crop. Flat turneps should be 
thinned to eight inches between the plants, and ruta¬ 
baga to twelve inches. If the ground is not very po¬ 
rous and dry, it will generally be preferable to form 
ridges on which to sow the crop. They may be made 
with a small plow drawn by one horse, or more readily 
with a double mould-board plow. On stubble or sward 
ground, care should be taken in making the ridges, that 
the grass and weeds are not turned up. The ridges 
should be levelled by passing a roller over them, before 
the seed is sown. A pound of seed to the acre, evenly dis¬ 
tributed, as it may be by a good machine, is sufficient. 
A dressing of plaster sown on the plants as soon as 
they are up, while they are wet with dew, will afford 
considerable protection against the turnep fly or flea , 
and will on many soils greatly hasten the growth of the 
crop. The weeds must be killed as soon as they ap¬ 
pear. The scuffle-hoe is the best hand tool for this pur¬ 
pose. It may be run rapidly along the ridges, close to 
the plants, and may take out almost every weed in the 
row without doing any damage. The spaces between 
the rows may be chiefly worked by a harrow or cultiva¬ 
tor—the former is preferable on light lands. The plants 
should not be much thinned till they have got into the 
fourth leaf, and appear to be pretty well out of the way 
of the fly. 
Feeding Turneps .—When milch cows are fed with 
turneps, the milk frequently has a disagreeable flavor. 
To eradicate the taste communicated by the turneps, 
different substances have been recommended to be put 
in the milk, such as saltpetre, cloride of lime, &c. Mr. 
J. McD. McIntyre, of this city, who is in the habit of 
feeding his cows during winter with both turneps and 
brewers’ grains, informs us that while both these arti¬ 
cles are used, no unpleasant taste is given to the milk; 
but that if the grains are omitted, the flavor of the milk 
is affected by the turneps. His rule has been to feed 
each cow about half a bushel ,of Swedish turneps and 
half a bushel of grains per day, and it has been repeat¬ 
edly noticed that when the turneps are stopped the milk 
is considerably decreased in quantity, and the cows 
appear to be less healthy. 
The custom house value of the specie dollar of Den¬ 
mark, is one hundred and five cents. 
