1914. 
THE RURAL NEW-YORRER 
AMERICAN POMOLOGICAL .SOCIETY. „ 
Part III. 
Prof. W. R. Lazenby, of Ohio, having 
been in France, read a short paper on 
"Some Phases of French Horticulture.” 
He told of the wonderful changes that 
had come about since the overthrow of 
the selfish domination of the kings and 
their courtiers, who made great palaces 
in the midst of vast estates for their own 
pleasure, to the use of these places as 
experiment grounds for horticulture and 
kindred industries, thus turning them to 
the good of the public. Their growing of 
fruits is exceedingly formal in style, and 
on a small scale compared with ours, but 
their work is well done and good returns 
are obtained. The vineyards have been 
crowded, and this has induced feeble 
growth and disease, but some are giving 
the vines more room. A few have planted 
grapes on both sides of rows of shade 
trees and trained them to spread over 
the tree tops and run on strands of wire 
stretched from tree to tree, thus giving 
them room to grow after a natural fash¬ 
ion. Many of the fine gardens are in¬ 
tersected by walls to which fruit trees 
are trained. Much of the fruit is sacked 
while very young and allowed to grow 
and ripen in the paper or muslin bags. 
Some use different colored bags to pro¬ 
duce desired effects by the control of the 
light. 
"Tropical Fruits in the Philippines” 
was treated by P. J. Wester, official hor¬ 
ticulturist of those islands. lie said that 
the cocoanut yielded the greatest value 
for export of anything grown, there, even 
surpassing either the hemp or sugar in¬ 
dustries. The form in which the pro¬ 
duct is marketed, chiefly, is copra, which 
is the dried meat of the nuts and is used 
in Europe for making oil, mainly. The 
banana is the principal fruit used as food, 
every little place having it growing for 
home use. There are five edible species 
and about one hundred varieties found 
in the entire group of islands. Many of 
them are of small size but very soft and 
delicious, and others are very large and 
hard and are used for cooking. The pap¬ 
aya is next in importance for food, but 
is rarely grown by anyone for sale in 
commercial quantities. The mandarin, 
one of the smaller of the Citrus fruits, is 
very popular. The mango grows lux¬ 
uriantly although little attention has been 
given so far to cultivating the choice var¬ 
ieties, only three of this class being at 
all common. Recently the experiment 
station has imported many choice varie¬ 
ties from India and elsewhere for trial. 
The pineapple is grown more for the 
fibre in the leaves than for its fruit, but 
attempts are now being made to grow 
the Smooth Cayenne and a few other var¬ 
ieties for canning for export trade. The 
sapodilla of the West Indies, called chico 
in the Philippines, does remarkably well, 
and is used freely, as is the case with the 
guava and many other fruits mentioned. 
The possibilities of the culture of cocoa 
(chocolate bean) are great but almost un¬ 
known. Fruit culture there is scarcely 
in its infancy as yet. 
“Alaska’s Pomological Resources” was 
ably set forth by Prof. C. C. Georgeson, 
Director of Experiment Stations for that 
territory. There is a native crabapple 
growing abundantly along the southern 
coast that yields a small fruit used ex¬ 
tensively for making jelly, even by the 
natives, and it serves well as a stock 
upon which to grow the cultivated crab- 
apple and a very few varieties of the 
hardier apples, such as the Yellow Trans¬ 
parent, that may be grown there in a 
few favored localities. A few cherries 
have been grown in some places along the 
coast, especially the Early Richmond, but 
with no marked success. Plums have 
failed and the same is true of pears and 
grapes. Red raspberries have succeeded, 
especially the Cutlibert, but the blackcaps 
and blackberries have failed. Alaska 
abounds with bush fruits of several kinds, 
those of the Vaccinium or huckleberry and 
blueberry genus being the most abundant. 
There are native cranberries of good 
quality. Some species of Rubus are 
found wild that are of a creeping nature, 
and bear rather small berries, but of 
good quality. Gooseberries, currants and 
strawberries grow wild all along the 
coast and iu the interior to some extent. 
When I was in Alaska a few years ago 
I saw at Sitka a great many most in¬ 
teresting crosses that Prof. Georgeson had 
made between some of our cultivated 
bush fruits and strawberries and the na¬ 
tive species, and they gave great hopes 
of securing valuable varieties. Alaska 
has very little in the way of cultivated 
fruits as yet, but there are good pos¬ 
sibilities. 
The matter of grading, packing and 
marketing fruits came up repeatedly, and 
was ably treated by good papers and also 
by discussions on the floor. Mr. R. G. 
Phillips, secretary of the International 
Apple Shipper’s Association, strongly pre¬ 
sented the subject, laying especial stress 
on the point that the western growers 
and .packers only send their best fruit to 
market, whereas in the East everything 
was sold. This could only make a 
marked impression on the markets, for 
the buyers did not expect to find poor 
stuff in the western packages, but they 
did in those put up in the East, and were 
rarely mistaken in either case. If the 
eastern people would use the same judg- 
m< nt and care that the western people 
do ihere would be better profits for all. 
There are no regulations iu the East pre¬ 
venting the packing and Sending to mar¬ 
ket of the worst fruit that is grown, 
while in the West there are certain rea¬ 
sonable restrictions, and the growers as 
well as all the rest are benefited by them. 
The only regulations in the East are 
about marketing the grades, and these 
are often violated. The most essential 
point of all is that there be “a square 
deal.” This is far too rarely given by 
the graders and packers and always with 
disastrous results in the end. 
Mr. E. H. Shepard of Hood River, 
Oregon, was not present, but he sent a 
valuable paper. He stated that organiza¬ 
tion was the most important point in 
the whole matter of getting the most 
out of what the growers produce. They 
now only get a little over 26 per cent of 
what the consumers pay. By organiza¬ 
tion they may get far more, and also 
save in cost of production, buying things 
they need and in other ways. Econom¬ 
ical and satisfactory distribution will 
follow proper organization. The whole 
Northwest has united in an organization 
for the purpose of establishing proper 
regulations as to grading, packing and 
sending their fruit to the markets of the 
world and others should do the same. 
The nut growers had a convention 
aside from their participation in the 
meeting of the Pomological Society, and 
there were some interesting points 
brought out. Prof. W. W. Hutt of North 
Carolina gave a very full account of the 
growing of pecans in the South, where 
there are many thousands of trees of the 
best varieties known already in bearing, 
and many more not old enough, besides 
extensive planting still going on. There 
is a bright future as well as a profitable 
present for pecan growing. The hardiest 
varieties that are native to Southern In¬ 
diana and similar regions are being 
brought to light propagated and planted 
over the more Northern States, where 
there is every reason to expect success, 
except where the growing seasons are too 
short for the nuts to mature. 
The chestnut came in for much atten¬ 
tion and the terrible disease that is rav¬ 
aging the trees in the Northeastern States. 
There is not yet found a ready means 
of stopping its spread, and no cure what¬ 
ever for affected trees. Complete destruc¬ 
tion of every tree that shows the signs 
of blight is the only means of fighting 
it, except that there is hope of growing 
some kinds that are immune to it. The 
Asiatic species are somewhat of this 
character. The State of Pennsylvania, 
where there are large and valuable chest¬ 
nut orchards and groves of grafted 
stump sprouts, is striving to eradicate 
the disease with some hope of success. 
Prof. J. Russell Smith of the Penn¬ 
sylvania State University gave very in¬ 
teresting and instructive talks about the 
wonderful extent to which the chestnut 
and acorn crops of Southern Europe are 
utilized. In some places they are the 
main crops and not only the people but 
the animals subsist on them. lie thinks 
we ought to follow out and practice this 
idea much more than we do. Our hick¬ 
ories, aside from the pecan, may be a 
great source of profit for their nuts and 
their wood is always very valuable. 
There was a splendid show of fruit 
and nuts in connection with the meet¬ 
ings. The best apples were from Vir¬ 
ginia, North Carolina, New England, 
Canada and Washington, those of Vir¬ 
ginia being the best of all in grade and 
pack. There were several extensive ex¬ 
hibits of seedlings, some of them being 
the results of careful cross-breeding. 
They showed some progress towards more 
desirable Winter varieties than many of 
those now grown and marketed. Notable 
among these new seedlings were those 
from the New York Experiment Station, 
from the Missouri Fruit Experiment 
Station and a lot from the Canadian Sta¬ 
tion. There were a number shown by 
Mr. C. G. Patten of Iowa that he has 
been many years in developing for the 
colder northern sections. A very fine 
new seedling Winter apple from north¬ 
east Georgia is called Rabun. 
Of cross-bred Citrus fruits there was 
a large display from Florida that had 
been grown for the purpose of extending 
their culture farther north than is at 
present possible because of the tenderness 
of ordinary oranges. The hardy Citrus 
trifoliata was used extensively and some 
of its crosses with the sweet oranges give 
some hopes of partial success. The Glen 
St. Mary Nurseries showed a very fine 
lot of Asiatic persimmons and also a set 
of samples of trees and stocks showing 
that they had succeeded well in then- 
propagation. 
There was a large collection of grapes 
by the government expert, Mr. G. C. 
I-Iusmann. The nut display was very 
complete, from the hickorynuts of New 
England to the cocoanuts of South Flori¬ 
da and the tropics beyond. But the most 
interesting and attractive exhibit was 
that by the Board of Trade of Miami, 
Florida, in which were immense clusters 
of Citrus fruits and many strange valu- 
ble tropical fruits as well. 
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