THE RURAL NEW-YORKER 
February 14, 
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D FRO C M M1LLMILL PRICES 
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WAUKEGAN - - - ILLINOIS 
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Department “ M ” 
The Rural New-Yorker 
333 West 30th St. 
New York City. 
THE SQUARE SILO. 
Northeastern Ohio is thickly dotted 
with square silos. In this section 90 to 
the 100 are square, and of all the silos 
erected here the past season all but one 
are the girthed, square silos, and some of 
them are in connection with very costly 
barns. My own silo, built in 1SS6, is 
a square one, built after a design of my 
own ; for, so far as I know, there was no 
other to pattern after, and it is still in 
existence, ready to be counted in next 
year, and that too without a dollar for re¬ 
pairing. They are very durable, never 
blow over or collapse, and are more 
cheaply built than the market silos. An¬ 
other consideration is that the farmer 
usually supplies the rough and heavy 
lumber from his own wood lot, aud pur¬ 
chases only the inside lining of the silo 
made of strong timber like oak or beech; 
it never gives way, the manholes are 
easily fitted with doors, and if made dou¬ 
ble, as many are, space is economized 
and additional strength imparted, and it 
cannot be shown that any other form or 
pattern of silo keeps its contents in bet¬ 
ter condition than does the square one. 
In building the square silo, three prin¬ 
cipal things are. needed: timbers, 2x8 or 
10 inches by 14 feet long for the girths, 
which need to be enough in number for a 
girth each 10 inches up to the seventh 
girth, when the spaces can be widened a 
little, each succeeding girth, until the top 
ones can be three feet apart. No fram¬ 
ing is needed, just lapped cornel's, well 
fastened with 20’s. The ends are lapped 
as usual and spiked, and the long end of 
each girth becomes the other corner. 
Across this corner is spiked a short piece 
to each girth and it not only strength¬ 
ens the corners, but makes a cut-off in 
ceiling inside, to avoid acute angles, into 
which the silage does not pack well. 
This corner clip is sometimes made a 
little convex, which facilitates making a 
better curve with the lining lumber. 
The foundation should be made sub¬ 
stantial, cement floor, with broken stone, 
and should be about 1G feet square for a 
12x12 foot silo. The sills of the silo 
would best be two layers of these girths 
spiked together and after placing on the 
foundation, should be well cemented in 
place. Then cut 12 pieces of 2x8 inch 
stuff, 14 inches in length, and nail them 
to this sill at equal distances apart; on 
them lay the first girth, and spike down 
through it, to these short pieces, and so 
ou up to the top, 30 feet being none too 
high, making rather wider spaces between 
the girths as the half-way height is 
passed. 
Line up the inside walls of the silo 
with the best Georgia pitch pine flooring, 
free of sap. Get the three-inch widths. 
Lay it as well as you would a house floor, 
draw the grooves very close, aud go on 
round until within 18 inches of where 
you begin. Cut in pieces, and nail be¬ 
tween the girths for the door jambs, set¬ 
ting them so as to Have a bearing all 
round for the door to rest against. Make 
doors of flooring that will fit the aper¬ 
tures, and reach from the center of one 
girth, to the one above, opening into the 
silo, of course. 
The inch thickness of flooring is all 
you need for the inside. The silo is then 
covered on the outside with any sort of 
siding, put on up and down, and a few 
cracks should be left, so air can get into 
and dry out these spaces between the 
girths. The pitch pine lining will not 
take up moisture, and as fast as the sil¬ 
age is fed out, dries off quickly. The 
lining boards of my old silo, built 27 
years ago, are sound yet and should a 
board go wrong, it can be quickly patched 
by putting a new one in its place. A 
new idea suggested is that these inside 
boards be matched but not surfaced, and 
after being put in place are “white¬ 
washed” twice over with best Portland 
cement and very fine clean sand, half and 
half, which makes almost a “granite 
ware” surface, and can be cheaply re¬ 
newed at any time. Some instead of 
boarding up the outside of the silo, put 
on liberal coats of this same paint filling 
all joints of the frame as well as the 
boarding. 
The roof can be as one may elect. A 
roof is at best only valuable for looks, 
and to keep snow out of the silo. Rain 
never injures silage. The cost is a matter 
of local prices, and labor. Here the pine 
flooring would cost about $30, and all 
told it would probably not be much out of 
the way to place the cost of this S5-ton 
silo at about $115; much less if the 
farmer furnished the rough lumber at 
actual labor cost. johx gould. 
SHIPPING CREAM. 
It is often stated that hill farmers can¬ 
not compete with the farmers on rich 
land keeping dairy cows. The cost of the 
cow’s keep is supposed to be greater 
where feed is usually less plentiful, and 
the distance from market makes the 
freight charges so high that they eat up 
much of the profit. Without doubt if 
whole milk were sold and cows were 
kept on dry feed, the hill farmer could 
not compete with more favored competi¬ 
tors. However, since the advent of the 
cream separator and the coming of the 
silo into general use, dairying is being 
taken up more and more by farmers sit¬ 
uated far from market, and who up until 
this time could not profitably keep more 
than three or four cows. 
The separator enables the dairyman to 
keep so many more cows and handle so 
much more milk, and tTie cream as the 
product for sale is in wicb shape that the 
freight charges are small compared to the 
value of the product. Cream can be car¬ 
ried a distance.of 85 miles and reach its 
destination inside of five hours at a 
charge of only 12 cents per five-gallon 
can. Selling to a creamery for cash is 
much better than selling butter to the 
country stores for trade, aiid more and 
more farmers are increasing their num¬ 
ber of cows, specializing in dairying, and, 
consequently receiving larger cream 
checks as they improve their feeding and 
breeding operations. For the cream cow 
must be looked after both as to the kind 
of calves she raises and the amount and 
quality of feed she receives. 
While some dairymen are losing sight 
of the fact that they must get for their 
cream and skim-milk combined, a price 
at least as good as, if not better, than 
that obtained by dairymen close to big 
cities, that is from 3^4 to four cents per 
quart, still some are figuring very closely, 
and actually realize more than 16 cents 
per gallon for their entire product. A 
cow to be a good “cream shipper” must 
test at least 5% aud of course high-grade 
Jerseys or Guernseys are the best for 
this purpose. With a test of 5% in a 
gallon of eight pounds of milk there is 
four tenths of a pound of butterfat, and 
at an average price of 30 cents per pound 
is worth 12 cents. Then if the skim- 
milk is worth four cents per gallon the 
amount realized out of the gallon of milk 
is 16 cents. As the cost of marketing the 
cream is small, much less thau would be 
the cost of marketing the whole milk, 
the work necessary to feed and care for 
young stock properly can be charged as 
marketing expenses, and the full value 
of the milk as represented in the calves, 
hogs or chickens can be credited with the 
amount realized for the butterfat as the 
selling price of the whole milk. Count¬ 
ing feeds other than skim-milk that the 
young stock receives at cost, the skim- 
milk realizes when fed to'heifer calves six 
and even eight cents.per gallon. Brood 
sows as well as stock hogs show a net 
profit that, being credited to the skim- 
milk, gives it a selling price of from four 
to six cents per gallon. With proper 
management, and also with the keeping 
of purebred stock, skim-milk can be made 
very valuable as a feed, and while the 
side lines carried on in connection with 
the cows are in a way independent of the 
dairy, the cow and her milk are import¬ 
ant factors in the work, and should be 
given credit for their part in making the 
various side lines a success. 
An important part of the work of the 
cream shipper is to provide enough feed 
to keep up the full milk flow of the cows 
throughout the entire year. And here is 
where the silo comes in for due consider¬ 
ation. It is plain to anyone that silos 
are more necessary on hill farms lacking 
in fertility than they are in, say, the corn 
belt, where much of the corn is never 
cut, hut the stalks are practically al¬ 
lowed to go to waste. And the higher 
up among the hills one goes aud the 
scarcer rough feed becomes the moi'e ne¬ 
cessary it is for the farmer to have a 
silo. It has been proved over and over 
again that a few acres can be improved 
in hut a few years, until they will fill 
a good-sized silo with enough silage corn 
to feed quite a number of cows; and as 
more cows are added to a herd more 
manure is produced for use on pasture 
and crop land, thus adding to the value 
of farms that would otherwise remain 
infertile and unproductive. At the same 
time that fertility is being added to the 
soil, a price is being obtained for the 
whole milk the cow produces, provided 
the right breed is kept and the by-pro¬ 
ducts properly handled, that is as good 
if not better than that obtained by dairy¬ 
men selling whole milk direct to the mid¬ 
dleman. H. B. COBB. 
Jackson Co., O. 
AILING ANIMALS. 
Pining Cow. 
I have a cow which came in last 
month; since then she has not done very 
well, gives very little milk, looks un¬ 
happy and does not chew her cud. She 
looks in good condition. What can be 
done for her? b. I\ L. 
Ohio. 
Have the cow tested with tuberculin, 
as tuberculosis is to be suspected, aud we 
should not feel justified in prescribing 
treatment before the test has been ap¬ 
plied. a. s. A. 
Tumor. 
I bought a Holstein bull calf several 
weeks ago. It is now about six weeks 
old. and has a lump ou its left jaw that 
looks just like the pictures I sometimes 
see in advertisements of lump jaw 
remedies. It is the size of a guinea 
egg. Is it possible to get rid of this 
lump in any way? . F. c. L. 
Virginia. 
Have ..the lump cut out by a surgeon and 
then cauterize the wound. This is the 
right treatment.and if done in time may 
.altogether prevent the threatening case 
of lumpy jaw. a. s. a. 
Injured Ankle. 
A horse hurt his Lout.ankle, supposed 
to have stepped ou a stone. Now there 
is a big bunch over his front hoof. What 
would you advise? j. p. k. 
New York. 
If you mean that there is a large, raw 
growth or sore it should be treated by 
covering with a mixture of equal parts 
of powdered alum, tannic acid and boric 
acid, cotton batting and bandages. Put 
the bandages on so as to cause pressure 
upon the sore. Renew the dressing once 
daily. a. s. a. 
Depraved Appetite. 
I have a cow that eats her manure 
sometimes; her milk is thin, not fit for 
use. Could you tell me the cause, and 
a remedy for it? She does not do so iu 
the Summer, but in Winter we keep her 
in a very small place. l. c. 
Delaware. 
Keeping the cow in a very small place 
is wrong. She needs abundant exercise 
every day and an abundance of mixed 
feeds, including roots or silage, clover or 
Alfalfa hay, bran, eornmeal and cotton¬ 
seed meal. Allow free access to rock 
salt. She will not be likely to eat man¬ 
ure if so fed and managed, but it would 
be well, so far as "possible, to keep her 
from- places where manure may be eaten. 
A. S. A. 
Indigestion. 
I bought three pigs a short time ago. 
were about eight weeks old when I got 
them. They had not been weaned and 
when I brought them home I began feed¬ 
ing them slop made of bran, eornmeal and 
shorts. Two of them are growing but the 
third does not care for anything but corn. 
When I feed them this pig just sticks its 
nose iu the slop and runs from one end of 
the trough to the other end and squeals. 
These pigs are about 12 weeks old now. 
Can you tell me what is wrong with this 
pig? c. H. w. 
Virginia. 
Physic the pig with castor oil shaken 
up iu milk and afterwards feed it on new 
milk or sweet skim-milk thickened with 
middlings, and a little eornmeal. Allow 
the pigs plenty of exercise every day. 
A. S. A. 
Chorea. 
Would you please tell me how to treat 
a mare that has started with string- 
bait? a. z. 
Maryland. 
The disease is chorea (St. Vitus’ 
dance) rather than true string-halt, and 
it is incurable. It seems to be peculiar 
to nervous animals and the tendency to 
it is hereditary. String-halt, iii which 
there is persistent jerking up of one or 
both hind legs during walking or trotting, 
most affects adult horses and is not as¬ 
sociated with the nervousness of chorea. 
It may be brought on by accident, and 
often is curable by the operation known 
as peroneal tenotomy, for which an ex¬ 
pert. graduate veterinarian has to be em¬ 
ployed. The symptoms of chorea are best 
seen when an affected animal is made to 
stand over in the stall, or back out of the 
stall. At such times the leg is spasmo¬ 
dically jerked up and the tail is elevated 
and quivers and quivering also is seen iu 
the muscles of the flanks. A. 8. A. 
