368 
THE RURAE NEW-YORKER 
Studebakers last a lifetime 
Tires that did not require setting 
in thirty years-on a Studebaker 
A FTER thirty-six years cf constant use Mr. William H. Horton,. 
** of Nineveh, N. Y., writes that his Studebaker farm wagon 
is as good as ever. 
The wheels of Mr. Horton’s wagon were run for thirty years, 
without setting a tire. Mr. Horton writes: 
“I have a Studebaker wagon purchased in 1877. The wagon now 
bears the original number and name of dealer; No. 33,435. Sold 
by Daniel Mann, Cobieskill. This wagon has had constant use 
since date of purchase and the wheels were run 30 years without 
setting a tire. The wagon is in good condition today.” 
WHAT IS THE REASON FOR THIS? 
therein lies the reason why the Studebaker 
wagons run so easily and last so long. 
The fact that the wheel material is pro¬ 
perly seasoned, dipped in oil and built in the 
Studebaker way is the reason why Stude- 
baker’s tires stay on for thirty years and often 
times longer. 
You will be making a good investment 
when you buy a Studebaker wagon, a Stude¬ 
baker Buggy—or Studebaker Harness. They 
are the best you can buy—and outlast others. 
South Bend, Ind. 
The fact that Mr. Horton used his Stude¬ 
baker wagon for thirty years without setting 
a tire means that the wheels were properly 
built. Its tubs, spokes and felloes were all 
made of the best materials. 
Anyone could have bought them and 
built them into a wheel, but Studebaker 
not only build of the best, but they season 
their materials properly, and then combine 
these materials in a scientific manner so as to 
distribute the strain over the entire wheel and 
STUDEBAKER 
NEW YORK 
MINNEAPOLIS 
CHICAGO DALLAS KANSAS CITY DENVER 
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IMMUNITY IN HORTICULTURE. 
Part I. 
Resistant Types. — As horticulture 
advances the scope of species and varie¬ 
ties under cultivation increases wonder¬ 
fully. Nature has been making selections 
on the basis of her laws, which is the 
survival of the fittest. The weaker have 
to give place to the strong and more 
disease resistant, for the vegetable world 
is alive with parasitic forms which seem 
to multiply as time goes on. This is 
especially noticeable in the cultivated 
forms of the things that are desirable 
for the use of man. It often occurs that 
the species or varieties that are most 
desirable for their fruit, foliage or bloom 
are more susceptible to the attacks of 
their enemies than those that are less 
desirable, but this is not always so. This 
is one of the points that deserves the 
closest observation and study and the 
most skilful attention of the plant 
breeder as well. Everyone should be on 
the lookout for the most disease resis¬ 
tant forms, for one slight variation in 
this direction may lead to something far 
more important than the original dis¬ 
covery. 
Herdity is one of the facts of life that 
figures very largely in the progress of 
both animal and vegetable improvement, 
while its laws are fixed they are violated 
occasionally by nature herself. The law 
is, that like produces like and this is 
constantly used and depended upon in 
large measure by plant breeders and 
practical growers also. However, it is a 
fortunate fact that violations do occur. 
It is the occasional production of the 
unlike that is of intense interest to the 
scientific experimenter, and often of great 
practical benefit to the grower. Instead 
of the seedlings reverting towards the 
old type they may be farther from it than 
the parental variations. Thus we may 
he able to step forward instead of back¬ 
ward. The entire field of modern horti¬ 
culture is thickly spread with these 
fortunate variations. They make up the 
bulk of our orchards, vineyards, berry 
and vegetable gardens, our shade trees, 
ornamental shrubs and flowers. Nature 
has surpassed herself or has been led to 
violate her own laws for the benefit of 
man. And among all these almost count¬ 
less variations those that show resistance 
to injurious influences are among the 
most useful as well as the most inter¬ 
esting. 
Varying Resistance. —Everyone who 
has extended experience with the ordin¬ 
ary orchard fruits of North America 
knows that there are certain varieties 
that are more exempt from disease than 
others. The Seckel pear has long been 
known to be less affected by blight than 
most varieties and that the Bartlett is 
one of the worst to take this disease. 
One of the main points in favor of the 
Kieffer pear is that it rarely blights, 
while the LeConte, wnicli is also a hy¬ 
brid having the Oriental type in its 
breeding, is one of the most susceptible. 
Theoretically w’e do not know why there 
is this great difference in these two 
closely related varieties, yet we know 
from experience that it exists. All we 
can do is .to take advantage of the fact 
in growing the trees of one in prefer¬ 
ence to the other. If nature’s suggestion 
is not heeded the risk of failure must be 
taken. There are certain kinds of apple 
trees that are affected by blight and 
canker more than the average. The 
Transcendant crabapple is a very notable 
example of this fact, while the II.vslop 
is the reverse. Many of the Russian ap¬ 
ple trees are so subject to the blight 
that they are almost worthless on this 
account. That aristocrat of the apple 
family the Grimes, has the serious fault 
of often being diseased at the base, and 
this to such a degree that many of the 
trees are short-lived. On the other hand 
the Delicious, 'which is another porno- 
logical aristocrat, is remarkably healthy 
in tree. The Baldwin apple trees are 
far more apt to have the canker than 
those of Ben Davis. The reason can 
scarcely he said to he because of differ¬ 
ence in vigor, but to some constitutional 
peculiarity that enables trie germs of the 
disease to find lodgment ,in one case and 
not in the other. There are peach trees 
that are severely troubled with curl-leaf 
and others that it seldom affects. 
Susceptibility of Nuts. —Among the 
nut trees there are marked differences in 
immunity from disease. The fatal chest¬ 
March 7, 
nut blight that is devastating the native 
forest trees of the northeastern part of 
this country and the cultivated trees as 
well, does not badly affect the Asiatic 
species nor some of the hybrids. The 
germs of this dreadful scourge were im¬ 
ported from China in tr^es that were 
brought here many years ago, and not 
until the disease had made considerable 
headway was it even known by the 
scientists that it existed. It is not a 
virulent disease in Asia, because the 
species of Castanea (chestnut) growing 
there are practically immune to it. Our 
main hope of continuing the cu’ture of 
this nut tree here is that varieties may 
be grown by cross-breeding the Asiatic 
and American species that will be im¬ 
mune to this disease and yet have the 
good flavor of our native nuts, which is 
far superior to that of any fore'.,'’ -mes. 
Already there are some such varieties 
on trial with good prospect ot success. 
In due time these and others of similar 
character will be brought forward. 
II. E. VAN DEMAN. 
WESTERN NEW YORK HORTICULT URAL 
SOCIETY. 
Part III. 
Some solid nuggets of peach wisdom 
came from George Friday of Coloma, 
Mich. “If your location is not frost¬ 
proof,” he says, “don’t consider peach 
growing.” He has come to the conclu¬ 
sion that it will be the part of wisdom 
for the large peach growers to raise his 
own trees, as nursery-grown trees are ex¬ 
posed to many mishaps and substitutions 
of varieties. Trees are often dug and 
left on the ground for a day or two; or 
they are left to dry out in Winter stor¬ 
age ; or boxed after leaves have started 
in Spring; or the roots have been kept so 
wet that they mildew. A sun-dried, sour- 
dried, mildewed, or leaf-boxed tree is no 
good. We don’t want to reset trees in 
place of those that have died. Better 
try to get a good start the first time, 
and that is easier to do with home-grown 
than with nursery-grown trees. The 
safest way to get the trees started is to 
set them (as also raspberries and straw¬ 
berries) soon after they are dug. For 
Spring setting, holes may be dug in the 
Fall and filled with manure. Take the 
manure out in early Spring, let the holes 
dry out, and set the trees. Prune very 
little for two or three years. After t’ f 
prune a little where needed, but leave 
the young sprouts all through the center 
of the trees. The fruit grows there. 
Spray early in Spring. You have only a 
few days when spraying for curl-leaf 
can be done. Cultivate to August; then 
plant cover crops, such as rye and vetch. 
The land is bound to be short of humus 
before the trees die of old age. To thin, 
go over the trees soon after the June 
drop once, and leave the specimens six 
to seven inches apart. The average life 
of the peach tree in Michigan is 12 years. 
For the first two years, corn, tomatoes 
or other vegetables may be grown in the 
peach orchard. Mr. Friday has made 
$200 in early tomatoes in a young peach 
orchard per acre. 
From Dr. James A. Bizzel’s talk on 
our nitrogen supplies, it appears that at 
present no great increase in that output 
can be looked for except by manufacture 
from the atmosphere of such compounds 
as calcium nitrate and cyanamid, and by 
the greater utilization of legumes. The 
manufacture of the artificial commercial 
nitrate compounds has not yet reached 
imposing proportions. Cyanamid comes 
in two forms, powdered and granulated, 
and contains 15 to 17 per cent of nitro¬ 
gen, and about 25 per cent slaked lime. 
There are about a dozen factories now in 
existence, of which four are in Germany, 
four in Italy, one each in France, Nor¬ 
way, Switzerland, and one in Niagara 
Falls, Out. The latter produces about 
31,000 tons a year. The output of the 
Niagara Falls factory is mostly sold to 
southern fertilizer dealers. Loss of am¬ 
monia in home mixing can be prevented 
by addition of 80 pounds of acid phos¬ 
phate to 100 pounds of cyanamid, al¬ 
though this may revert the phosphoric acid. 
Dr. Reddick of Cornell looks with con¬ 
siderable favor upon the use of dust in¬ 
stead of liquid sprays, especially for ap¬ 
ple scab and Codling inoth, possibly other 
insects. Of course, the dust spray is no 
remedy for scale. But in a year of mild 
infestation, the dust has given as good 
results in insect control as liquid spray¬ 
ing. lie has worked on this problem for 
three Summers, using finely divided sul¬ 
phur and 20 per cent of arsenate of lead, 
and finds that he can cover four times 
as many trees with dust as with liquid. 
The time for making applications for the 
Codling worm is very limited. lie thinks 
that 10 per cent of arsenate in the mix¬ 
ture would have been sufficient. As to 
the clanger in breathing the dangerous 
dust, he says, the men went through 
three seasons of using the dust, and it 
did not appear to hurt them. 
Prof. Parrott tells of the fruit tree 
leaf-roller as a new pest in New York 
orchards. Unlike the psylla, its eggs are 
very susceptible to oil sprays. Miscible 
oils, in 1 to 15 solution, applied when, 
buds are swelling, will destroy 80 to 08 
per cent of the eggs. The leaf-roller is 
often very destructive to the buds. 
T. G. 
