1914. 
*01 
IMMUNITY IN HORTICULTURE. 
Part II. 
The Pecan is subject to a few fungus 
diseases and insect pests, and there are 
different degrees of immunity to both 
among the varieties. There are a few 
varieties that are so subject to the “scab” 
fungus on the hulls of the nuts that they 
cannot be grown with success in certain 
regions, while other varieties are not af¬ 
fected in any degree. There is a phyll¬ 
oxera that infects certain kinds and a 
“shuck worm” in the hulls of others that 
makes them about worthless. Pecan 
growers take much caie to know these 
facts when selecting the varieties to 
plant in their different sections, for they 
may be affected in some places and not 
in others, and largely owing to climatic 
conditions. 
Walnuts and Hazels. —The walnut 
growers of California are much troubled 
with a disease they call blight, which 
affects the young bark and the hulls of 
the nuts, causing them to die outright in 
many cases. Yet there are varieties that 
are not so affected and to these they are 
looking for relief, mainly, instead of to 
remedies or preventive sprays, which 
seem to be quite inefficient. The Euro¬ 
pean hazels or filberts are affected with 
a fungus in the Eastern States that 
causes the branches to gradually die, and 
there seems to be no way to prevent or 
cure the disease. Our native species of 
hazel are not so affected in any way, 
and it may be possible to cross-pollinate 
the foreign and domestic species and thus 
produce hybrids that may have the good 
qualities and size of the foreign nuts 
and the health of our own bushes. On 
the Pacific coast there is no such trouble, 
indicating that the fungus is dependent 
on certain climatic conditions for propa¬ 
gation. 
Smali. Fruits. —Our native species of 
Rubus have considerable differences in 
immunity to the attacks of the fungus 
diseases that prey on that germ. Most 
of them are not seriously affected in this 
way, but some of them are, the Kitta- 
tinny blackberry being one of them. The 
Orange rust, so called because of its 
color, often troubles this variety so badly 
that its culture has to be abandoned. 
Certain varieties of the raspberry are 
subject to violent attacks of anthracnose 
that render their culture very difficult or 
at least uncertain of success. The straw¬ 
berries are subject to several fungus 
diseases called rust, leaf spot and other 
suggestive or descriptive names. Some 
of the varieties are so badly 
checked by the injury to their foliage 
that their other good points are 
overcome and it will not pay to grow 
them. The Van Deman is a variety that 
was introduced about 25 years ago and 
was most highly endorsed by many of 
the State experiment stations and private 
growers, but time proved it to be very 
easily affectgd by leaf rust. This one 
fault has practically eliminated it from 
the list of approved varieties. The de¬ 
gree of immunity from disease of the 
foliage has much to do with the value 
of any variety of strawberry. 
Grapes. —The grapes are attacked by 
various forms of fungi, some on the 
leaves, some on the bark of the vines, 
and some on the fruit. The black rot 
of the fruit having been taken to Europe, 
the famous discovery of the Bordeaux 
mixture occurred in France as a remedy 
for this evil. Incidentally this discovery 
has been a great blessing to the horticul¬ 
tural world. The grape phylloxera hav¬ 
ing been taken from America to France, 
where it finally devastated the vineyards, 
it became necessary to look for resistant 
or immune stocks on which to graft the 
vines. They were found in the native 
grapes of Texas, mainly, and by their 
use the vineyards were re-established. It 
has also been learned that the same va¬ 
rieties grown there could be grown here 
on resistant roots and they would be 
successfully grown were it not for the 
mildew fungus on the fruit in our humid 
air. On the Pacific coast the arid condi¬ 
tions are unfavorable to this fungus and 
there is no such trouble in growing all 
classes of grapes. 
Vegetable Blights. —Immunity grow¬ 
ing vegetables is something greatly to be 
desired, but unfortunately there is very 
little of an encouraging character among 
the kinds affected by disease. Many 
things are naturally exempt, but others 
THE RURAL NEW-YORKER 
are badly affected. Breeding with the 
purpose of obtaining immune varieties 
has been done quite extensively and with 
some slight success. In some of the lead¬ 
ing melon growing sections blight has be¬ 
come a serious menace to the industry. 
The citron or “pie” melon being resistant 
to the blight, crosses have been made 
with it on the leading varieties of water¬ 
melons and immune varieties produced. 
Some of these have been thought to be 
good enough in quality to be worthy of 
general planting and at least one has 
been named and sent out by the U. S. 
Department of Agriculture. But the 
verdict of the public has been against 
its quality, which partakes too much of 
the male or citron melon parent. A 
blight-proof variety of cantaloupe was 
discovered in one of the Northern States 
and it was thought that it would be a 
boon to the Southern growers. But it 
proved a disappointment, for it was not 
immune to blight there. Tomato blight 
is another very serious disease. Long- 
continued efforts have been made to pro¬ 
duce resistant varieties, with but very 
poor results. With beans there has been 
considerable success. There are a few 
varieties that will resist the diseases to 
a considerable extent. One variety of 
asparagus has been developed that is 
largely immune to the blight that makes 
its culture difficult in some sections. 
In taking a view of the whole subject 
of immunity of vegetable life to disease 
there are some encouraging facts, but 
not so many nor so clear cut one", as we 
would wish for. The fortunate advances 
that have been made by accident mainly 
or by nature herself, are suggestive of 
what may, possibly, be accomplished. 
There is a wide-awake force of experi¬ 
menters at work on the problem and we 
hope for more success than has as yet 
been attained. u. e. van deman. 
Potash for Oats. 
Can anyone who has had experience in 
using potash with drill for oats tell me 
whether it will prevent oats from 
lodging? Which is the best for oats, sul¬ 
phate of potash, kainit or muriate of pot¬ 
ash, and how many pounds to the acre? 
My soil is a rich clay. g. h. d. 
Massillon, Ohio. 
Write to the Ohio Experiment Sta¬ 
tion at Wooster, Ohio, for a copy of their 
fertilizer experiment. There you will find 
some reference to the use of potash, long 
used upon most Ohio soils. Potash as a 
separate element does not give very profit¬ 
able results except upon the lighter sandy 
soils. It is not likely to’ be needed on 
your soil. Probably on heavy soil to 
prevent the lodging of the grain, the 
kainit would be the best form of potash. 
It contains a large amount of salt, and 
this has the effect of stiffening the grain 
to some extent, and holding back rapid 
nitrification, and thus preventing a too 
rapid growth of the oat. Use 250 pounds 
per acre. This is not a sure preventive 
of lodging. This only takes place usually 
on very rich soil, or where a large amount 
of soluble nitrogen has been used. The 
use of kainit, however, for this purpose 
has proved satisfactory in a number of 
cases. It is also thought by some that 
the use of potash in this way helps to 
overcome certain plant diseases which are 
found on rich soil and in a damp season. 
Roses on Sandy Land. 
Can I make rose bushes grow on poor 
sandy land? Some say it cannot be done. 
Franklin, N. LI. o. e. k. 
Roses succeed in any garden soil that 
is free from standing water and properly 
drained; if it is very light it may be 
modified by adding clay and leaf mold. 
These should be very thoroughly spaded 
in. If, in addition to this, you give a 
good mulch of manure every Fall, fork¬ 
ing it in in Spring, you will, in a few 
seasons, greatly improve the soil. Every 
effort should be made to add humus. We 
have seen roses growing well on a sandy 
soil, where this practice was carried out. 
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