1914. 
THE RURAL NEW-YORKUk 
409 
FUNGUS DISEASES OF STONE FRUITS 
IN THE MIDDLE WEST. 
Part II. 
BLACK KNOT.—Black knot is a 
disease of plum trees and cherry trees. 
It is scarcely necessary to attempt a 
description of it, as the dark colored galls 
on the twigs and smaller branches are so 
aptly described by the name itself that 
anyone not familiar with it could never¬ 
theless hardly fail to recognize it at sight, 
the cut gives a good idea of its ap¬ 
pearance. The severest attacks of this 
fungus are made on the Damson variety 
of plums, although cherries and other va¬ 
rieties of plums are susceptible to a 
smaller degree. In some localities, Dam¬ 
son trees have to be cut down after they 
reach eight or 10 years of age because 
of the great number of knots which de¬ 
velop on them. 
The diseased condition is caused by a 
fungus, technically known as Plowrightia 
morbosa, which lives in the cambium, in¬ 
ner bark, and often in the woody part of 
the stem. The knot usually makes its 
appearance as a slight swelling in the 
Spring, and develops gradually until by 
the end of the Summer, it has the black 
carbonaceous appearance so characteris¬ 
tic of the disease. During the late Spring 
and early Summer, the Knot may be ob¬ 
served to have a greenish tint. This is 
Black Knot on Plum. 
caused by a velvety outgrowth of fungus 
threads, which produce spores in abund¬ 
ance. These spores germinate on the 
twigs when moist and spread the disease. 
Later in the history of the knots, during 
the following Winter, to be exact, more 
spores arc produced. These are of a 
different type from the Summer spores, 
but are no less capable of infecting the 
host. 
The habit of the fungus, as just de¬ 
scribed, suggests one means of control. 
The knots should be trimmed out of the 
trees and burned, before the spore pro¬ 
ducing period in the Spring—some time 
before March—and again in the Fall be¬ 
fore the Winter spore production has oc¬ 
curred. When affected wild trees or af¬ 
fected neighbors’ trees occur, this may 
not be sufficient. In such cases, it will 
be necessary to resort to spraying; and 
in any case it will be advisable to do so. 
For this purpose use boiled lime-sulphur 
diluted to test 5 deg. Beaume, and apply 
in March to prevent infection by air 
borne spores. 
Right here it seems in order to urge 
the importance of cooperation in stamp¬ 
ing out this disease. There are men in 
the Middle West who have had to give 
up the culture of Damson plums because 
their neighbors made no attempt to con¬ 
trol the disease, and they who did make 
the attempt found it impossible to cope 
with the condition when new infections 
were constantly occurring from the out¬ 
side. A whole neighborhood, or town¬ 
ship, or county must work together if 
success is to be assured. 
SCAB.—Scab is a disease of peaches 
and plums, causing a gray or brown 
thickened condition of the skin of the 
fruit. This condition, if severe, is usually 
accompanied by more or less extensive 
cracking of the skin and underlying tis¬ 
sues. It is not as troublesome iu this 
section as the other diseases here dis¬ 
cussed, but it is very common, and im¬ 
portant enough to be amply worthy of 
preventive precautions. It is not especi¬ 
ally destructive to the crop, but does 
render fruit unsalable or of second or 
third grade. The organism, Cladosporium 
carpophilum, which does the damage, is 
propagated by spores which are produced 
over the diseased areas. The remedy is 
self-boiled lime-sulphur every two or three 
weeks after the foliage appears. 
YELLOWS.—Yellows is a disease of 
peach trees which is not well understood, 
although it is generally considered not to 
be caused by any fungus. It is included 
here because it was long thought to be a 
fungus trouble and has many points of 
resemblance to such diseases. It is 
characterized by a yellowing of the leaves, 
the growth of many spindling branches, 
and the early death of the tree. The 
cause seems to be due to the production 
of a destructive enzyme in the tissues. 
The remedy is to cut down and burn all 
affected plants, burning them, if possible, 
just where they stood, as the disease is 
very easily transmitted to other trees. 
SPRAYING.—The fungous diseases 
which we have considered are all alike 
in that they can be controlled, wholly 
or in part, by spraying. It seems well, 
therefore, to summarize this in a sug¬ 
gested scheme of spraying. This, of 
course, should be varied to suit the special 
disease conditions which the orchardist 
has to meet. Spray first in March or 
earlier with boiled lime-sulphur diluted 
to 4.5-5 deg. Beaume. For peaches, spray 
again about 10 days after the petals fall, 
or at the time the shucks are falling, 
with arsenate of lead and lime—two 
pounds of the arsenate and two pounds 
of lime to every 50 gallons of water. This 
is for cureulio. Make a third spraying 
four or five weeks after the petals fall, 
using self-boiled lime-sulphur and arsen¬ 
ate of lead. This should be repeated 
three or four weeks later, and for late 
ripening sorts, again four or five weeks 
before ripening. For plums and cher¬ 
ries, the Summer sprayings should con¬ 
sist of Summer Bordeaux and arsenate 
of lead, (1) just after the buds burst, 
(2) just after the petals fall, and (31 
throe weeks later. c. a. ludwig. 
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