1914. 
THE RURAL 1M E W-YORKER 
023 
WORKING INTO A MEADOW. 
A three-acre field was planted to field 
corn, in 1911, size and quality of crop 
unknown to writer. This field was fal¬ 
lowed in 1912 and cultivated to keep 
down weeds. In 1913, it was planted to 
field corn with commercial fertilizers, ex¬ 
cept a half acre which received thin coat¬ 
ing of horse manure. This lot is too wet, 
in Spring, to plow and plant at regular 
time and, having harvested the corn crop 
too late to seed down last Fall I have 
decided to seed this Spring to Timothy, 
Red clover and Red-top, with oats as a 
nurse crop, said oats to be fed, as hay, 
to milch cows. I have just read in The 
It. N.-Y. your advice to one subscriber 
“not to seed land in the Spring.” If I 
postpone seeding until September, what 
treatment would you recommend for the 
Summer? I have stable manure as fol¬ 
lows: Cow and calf, seven months, two 
cows, three months, one horse eight 
months, and pig seven months, the lat¬ 
ter having been kept under barn with 
above manure. This quantity is only 
sufficient for one acre, to do a thorough 
job. Should I seed the remainder with 
commercial fertilizers (and which formu¬ 
la) or spread the manure over entire 
field supplementing with commercial fertil¬ 
izers? The income, after grass is ready 
to cut, will be larger, and expenses small¬ 
er than any other crop that I can put in. 
By getting oat hay this year, I save 
on my hay crop and have a better feed 
than dry fodder or ordinary hay. I pre¬ 
sume I might put in Essex rape, as a 
cover crop to plow under this Fall, when 
preparing to seed, and mow off tin* weeds 
which will show above the rape. I treat¬ 
ed my orchard to rape last Fall, as well 
as other open plots, for plowing under 
this Spring, but I now note, in the cata¬ 
logue of a very large and prominent 
nursery company, that rape does not sup¬ 
ply nitrogen to the soil. My seed cata¬ 
logue recommends rape as a nitrogen 
cover crop and I sowed it with this idea 
in mind. C. n. n. 
Connecticut. 
In this case we should follow as close¬ 
ly as possible what is known as the 
“Clark” method of seeding to grass. Put 
the manure on the garden or cover crop 
and depend on fertilizers for the grass. 
Plow the land as early as possible and 
sow Canada peas and oats as we have 
so often advised—using say 300 pounds 
of fertilizer per acre. Cut this crop in 
late June (or when the little peas begin 
to form in the pods) and cure the same 
as clover hay. Then two courses are 
open to you. Under the “Clark” method 
the pea and oat stubble would bo plowed 
or disked and the soil would bo harrowed 
and worked constantly all through July 
and August. This harrowing would be 
done at least 10 times before grass seed¬ 
ing—the object being to kill out all the 
old sod and the weeds and make a fine 
and level seed bed. After this long and 
thorough fitting about twice the ordinary 
quantity of Timothy and Red-top seed is 
used alone —without any grain crop 
whatever. The other plan means sowing 
buckwheat and turnips after the stubble 
has been plowed under. This crop will 
make a good growth in late Summer and 
is plowed under in early September, after 
which the ground is fitted and seeded to 
the grass. At the time of seeding GOO 
pounds per acre of a good grass fertilizer 
should be used, one of the high-grade 
commercial mixtures or the following 
chemicals. One part nitrate of soda, 
three parts fine ground bone and one part 
muriate of potash—all by weight. On 
most New England soils it will pay to 
use a ton of air-slaked lime to the acre 
after plowing under the peas and oats 
stubble. The plan of “intense culture” 
through July and August will prove more 
expensive than the other, but it will give 
a better seeding and a more permanent 
meadow. 
Sowing Oats With Canada Peas. 
In advising the sowing of oats and peas 
for hay, you say “plow the peas under and 
harrow in the oats.” What do you mean 
by “plow the peas under”? I raise oats 
and Canada field peas every Spring for 
cow feed, but tin* peas never come up 
right. Perhaps I do not cover them deep 
enough. Does “plow the peas under” 
mean the peas should be broadcast on the 
land before the land is plowed and then 
be plowed under? Please tell me how 
to put in a crop of oats and Canada 
field peas to get best results. G. t). B. 
To seed oats and peas on a small 
scale, the peas are first scattered on top 
of the ground before the soil is disturbed 
in any way. Above five pecks are used 
to the acre. Then with a small plow 
gauged to run above five inches deep, 
these peas are plowed in. In some 
cases a disk-harrow well weighted down 
can be used for the same purpose. The 
object is to put the peas into the ground 
about five inches below the surface. 
When this has been done, about three 
bushels of oats are spread broadcast on 
top of the furrows and then thoroughly 
harrowed in. This will leave the peas 
above five inches under the ground and 
the oats about two inches—the peas need¬ 
ing a deeper root system than the oats. 
The oats come up first, quickly followed 
by the peas, which, when they begin to 
run, find strong and high oat plants 
around which they may twine and thus 
keep off the ground. In some cases 
where large areas are put into oats and 
peas, farmers use an ordinary grain drill, 
mixing the peas and oats together, and 
sowing about three inches deep. This 
gives a good crop, but the peas will gen¬ 
erally do better when they are put down 
deeper into the ground below the furrows. 
The Loss of Soil. 
According to an estimate by Sir John 
Murray, the total annual rainfall upon 
all the land of the globe amounts to* 29,- 
347.4 cubic miles, and of this quantity 
6,524 cubic miles drains off through riv¬ 
ers to the sea. A cubic mile of river 
water weighs, approximately, 4,205.650,- 
000 tons, and carries in solution, on the 
average, about 420.000 tons of foreign 
matter. In all about 2,735,000,000 tons 
of solid substances are thus carried an¬ 
nually to the ocean.—United States Geo¬ 
logical Survey. 
This is what you may call dealing with 
large figures. One acre of soil one foot 
deep weighs about 2,100 tons. Thus the 
average loss by this washing means over 
1,367,000 acres one foot deep, or an area 
nearly as large as the counties of Dela¬ 
ware, Cortland and Chemung, N. Y. 
This represents what is washed into the 
ocean each year! The question is how 
much of this is yearly contributed from 
your farm? IIow much of it can you 
prevent? Deep plowing and drainage 
will send more water into the soil instead 
of over its face, and cover crops and 
terraces will hold the flowing water back 
and help hold your soil where it belongs. 
Oldenburg Apples Dropping. 
Can you explain the reason for a 
healthy vigorous tree. Duchess of Olden¬ 
burg, not holding its fruit to maturity? 
It has had good care. A few 
apples matured and they are ex¬ 
cellent in every way. It is generally 
covered with blossoms each Spring. 
II. d. w. 
It is hard to even guess why the Olden¬ 
burg apples drop without fuller knowl¬ 
edge of the circumstances under which 
they are growing and the care the tree 
receives. When does the drop occur? 
What is the condition of the fruit that 
drops? Is the tree sprayed and if so 
with what? I know a man who used 
lime-sulphur for Codling moth and 
claimed he had fine results. Codling 
moth may be responsible for the early 
drop. With me Oldenburg is an early 
and heavy cropper. Trees set in 1909 
last season gave from a peck to a bushel 
to the tree. It does not ripen the crop 
evenly, and needs two or three pickings 
to get all the fruit in prime condition. 
Some of the fruit will drop fully ma¬ 
tured while some will still cling to the 
tree green and hard. If II. D. W. will 
spray thoroughly I think he can prob¬ 
ably secure a fair crop. g. r. s. 
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41A 
E 
