1914. 
THE RURAL, NSW-YORKER 
@73 
LAND BANK OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK 
System of Mortgage Credits Explained. 
Part I. 
LOCAL AND CENTRAL ASSOCIATIONS.—The 
system of mortgage credits adopted for New York 
State provides for local associations all over the State 
without limit as to number, and one central associa¬ 
tion, called the Land Bank of the State of New York. 
Any person, man, woman or child, may be a member 
of the local association ; but, of course, only land own¬ 
ers may borrow money from it on mortgage. Members 
not land owners may borrow only on the shares held 
by themselves in the local association. These local 
land banks will be the saving and loau associations 
now existing and those yet to be formed in the State. 
These saving and loan associations have been adopted 
as the local organizations because the excellent law 
under which they are authorized already exists. They 
are strictly cooperative, and have been universally suc¬ 
cessful. 
A DISTINCTION IN ASSOCIATIONS.—These lo¬ 
cal saving and loan associations must not be confound¬ 
ed with the so-called National savings and loan asso¬ 
ciations, which were not cooperative and which can 
no longer be organized in the State of New York. 
TIIE LAND BANK.—The local savings and loan 
associations will own and control the Land Bank of 
the State of New York. 
FORMATION OF ASSOCIATIONS.—A savings and 
loan association may be formed anywhere in the State 
by 15 persons, either men or women. It can operate 
only in the territory embraced in a radius of 50 miles. 
The 15 organizers should all live within this territory; 
but if 15 people cannot be found in the territory, a 
smaller number will do, provided enough people to 
make up the necessary 15 will assist them from the 
outside. It is, however, desirable that the whole 15 
organizers live in the community in which the society 
is to operate, and these can usually be found within 
a radius of 50 miles. Usually the associations confine 
themselves to much smaller territory. One local asso¬ 
ciation will be sufficient for any particular neighbor¬ 
hood ; but there is no restriction on the number of 
local savings and loan associations that may be organ¬ 
ized in the same place. 
THE FIRST STEP.—When 15 persons have sig¬ 
nified their intentions to become members of a savings 
and loan association, a meeting should be called. It 
is a good plan to have a subscription paper prepared, 
and have those who favor the organization sign it, 
and set down the number of shares he wishes to take, 
and if this is not done previous to the meeting, then 
it may be done at the meeting. 
EXPERT AID.—It is desirable that a public-spirit¬ 
ed and reliable lawyer should be one of the organizers, 
if one lives in the neighborhood. If there be a bank in 
the district it is most desirable that one of the officers 
or a principal employee of the bank shall be among 
the number, and that a leading citizen of the com¬ 
munity in sympathy with the movement and command¬ 
ing the respect of his neighbors shall also be among 
the 15 incorporators. It would be well, of course, to 
invite a representative from some neighboring savings 
and loau association to attend the meeting and give 
some practical advice, which is really more essential 
than the legal counsel. 
LEGAL REQUIREMENTS.—Before holding the 
meeting, the men who are moving in this matter should 
write the Superintendent of Banks, Albany, N. Y., 
and get from him a copy of the law, which is self- 
explanatory in regard to organization and is direct in 
its terms. With a copy of the law before them, the 
organizers would draw up an organization certificate 
making and executing three copies, one of which they 
would hold themselves and send the other two to the 
Superintendent of Banks. 
PROPER FORMS.—There are two forms of organ¬ 
ization permitted by the law. These are known as: 
(1) The “permanent plan,” and (2) the “serial plan.” 
The organizers should be careful to avoid the “serial 
plan” and adopt the “permanent plan,” which is a 
system of cooperation between borrowers and 1 aiders; 
and which has been adopted by practically all the pro¬ 
gressive organizations of the State. 
CERTIFICATE AND BY-LAWS.—Before doing 
any business or receiving any money, however, it would 
be necessary to forward the organization certificate, 
together with by-laws also acknowledged by the in¬ 
corporators. to the Superintendent of Banks. A copy 
of the necessary by-laws for the associations can be 
had from the Banking Department, from the New York 
State League of Savings and Loan Associations, or 
from the office of The Rural New-Yorker. Changes 
may be made in these by-laws within the law to suit 
local conditions and preferences. 
PASSING INSPECTION.—Before executing the or¬ 
ganization certificate and the by-laws, it would be well 
to submit those by-laws for review to the Banking De¬ 
partment, so that when the certificate and the proposed 
by-laws are forwarded to the Superintendent of Banks 
there will be very little doubt but that they will pass 
inspection there. It is in this respect that the advice 
of an experienced association advisor is desirable. The 
State will furnish instructors and organizers for the 
present, and at any time arrangements may be made 
for a competent advisor on application to The Rural 
New-Yorker. The banking department will not only 
pass upon the papers submitted to it, but will make 
an inquiry into the character and standing in the com¬ 
munity of the persons who are organizing the associa¬ 
tion, and will not issue a certificate of authorization 
unless it is satisfied in this respect. 
The by-laws should contain a clause that the new 
association will become affiliated with the Land Bank, 
this privilege being one that every association in the 
State decides for itself. .T. «r. D. 
THE NEW YORK FARM BUREAU SERVICE 
The County Farm Bureau work of farm manage¬ 
ment, field studies and demonstration is rapidly organ¬ 
izing. It is new work, and actual results will be slow 
at first. If properly handled and not over-advertised 
or boomed this promises to be a very useful part of 
farm education. 
TIIE DUTCHESS COUNTY FARM BUREAU 
was opened July 1, 1913, with its office in Poughkeep¬ 
sie. It was made possible by a subscription of $1,000 
from the County Committee Y. M. C. A. to start the 
work. .$50 per month from the .State was immediately 
available, and the New York Central Railroad pays .$5 
per mouth to the agent, and passes him over its lines. 
A county appropriation of $1,000 was made by the 
supervisors in November. The bureau has an individ¬ 
ual membership of farmers at $1 per year, and has 
received some private subscriptions. The Government 
gives the franking privilege. The benefits of the bu¬ 
reau are open to members and non-members alike. 
The growing of Alfalfa in Dutchess County has not 
passed the experimental stage. Several farmers have 
planted their crop under the direction of the agent, 
and it is hoped that a successful method of culture 
may be worked out. Clover has not done well in the 
county of late, due partly to the dry seasons and part¬ 
ly to the lack of lime. When the agent commenced 
work no source of lime was freely available to the 
county at a satisfactory price and of good quality. 
Such a source was located, and the railroad was in¬ 
duced to lower the freight rate from $1.00 to $1 per 
ton to all points in the county along its lines. The 
first car from this quarry was shipped into the county 
April 13. The material all passes a 20-mesh sieve, 
and costs $2.50 in bulk delivered. It analyzes 97 to 
98 per cent carbonate of lime. Orders for approxi¬ 
mately one thousand tons are p.nding, and will go in 
as fast as they can be filled. 
There is a general awakening in the county as to 
the possibilities in the apple business, and farmers 
with neglected orchards are beginning to take an inter¬ 
est in them. The agent is co-operating with several 
men who are renovating such orchards. Spraying re¬ 
quirements of the section are apparently somewhat dif¬ 
ferent from the usual recommendation made by the 
State and Cornell Station for Western New York 
conditions. Accordingly a spray calendar for the ama¬ 
teur apple orehardist has been issued by the bureau 
after consultation with State experts. This has been 
given general distribution. Co-operative organization 
for various purposes has apparently been more valu¬ 
able than any other single line of work. With the aid 
of the bureau a County Cooperative Association for 
buying farm supplies and selling farm produce has been 
organized. A branch of the National Housewives’ League 
has been organized in Poughkeepsie. One cow-testing 
association has started work and two more are pending. 
Several cars of fertilizer and other supplies have been 
purchased cooperatively at a large saving from local 
prices. The bureau lias done much in the way of 
bringing State and government experts into the county 
to study local problems. The agent locates problems 
of a similar nature which come under the knowledge 
of a single expert, plans a campaign of one or two 
days, and enables the man to do three or four times 
as much work in a given time as he could do working 
alone in a strange county. One of the Cornell Exten¬ 
sion Schools was held in the county this Winter under 
the auspices of the Farm Bureau, and plans for this 
work next Winter are now under way. 
THE DELAWARE COUNTY BUREAU has only 
been in operation one month, but in that month there 
have been many calls for the County Agent to visit 
farms and suggest better methods of farming. There 
have also been many farmers at the office, who read 
the papers and carry on discussions. During the past 
month the agent has held meetings in the county for 
the purpose of the Farm Bureau and getting acquaint¬ 
ed with the farmers. We have a number of men who 
are to grow certain crops on their farms under the 
supervision of the county agent that will be of value 
to that community, as they will show what can be done 
with proper care. The crops that are of particular 
interest are, oats and vetch grown for hay, Alfalfa, 
potatoes and corn. We have one man who is carrying 
on an experiment in drainage. While the agent cannot 
go to each man’s farm and accomplish results, as it 
would take too much time, the demonstration crops 
that will be grown will give some definite information 
regarding that crop in that locality. The Bureau will 
be able to help the farmers in the purchase of lime 
at a reduction. It is also the aim of the Farm Bureau 
to form several cow-testing associations, so that the 
farmer will not be keeping cows that are “boarders.” 
ERIE COUNTY.—The Farm Bureau movement in 
Erie County was started February 1st. yet there 
seems to be a great deal of interest manifested by the 
farmers of the county in the new movement. Much of 
our time up to the present, of necessity, has been along 
organization lines in the office and field, the manager 
of the bureau having spoken before 23 audiences scat¬ 
tered well over the county. One agricultural exten¬ 
sion school in cooperation with the College of Agri¬ 
culture, Ithaca, N. Y., has been held, at which there 
was a registered attendance of S3, the largest school 
held in New York State this year. At the present 
plans are making for an agricultural demonstration 
car to go through the county, also arrangements for 
four orchard field demonstration meetings in different 
parts of the county, giving actual field instruction and 
demonstrations on pruning and spraying, etc. Several 
Alfalfa experiments will be conducted, comparing north- 
ern-grown with southern Alfalfa seed. Already some¬ 
thing like (i0 calls on the farm have been booked for 
work with individuals on their individual problems, 
which will be taken care of as soon as the roads are 
passable. 
IN ONONDAGA COUNTY elaborate plans have 
been made to carry on extensive work. An excellent 
pamphlet has been issued by the Farm Bureau. This 
was organized on April 15, 1913, with some of the 
most prominent farmers in the county on the council 
and committees. The first thing the council did was 
to buy a motor car, so that the agent might get over 
the county rapidly and become acquainted with the 
farmers. This enabled the agent to get into every 
township and visit personally over 200 farmers. He 
has talked before every live Grange in the county. 
Dairying is the great farm interest in Onondaga, and 
the improvement of the dairy herd is the most serious 
problem. Even in this famous section of Alfalfa, lime 
and Holstein cattle, it is thought that the majority of 
the cows do not pay their way. They are capable of 
doing so, but fail through poor feeding, care, and 
housing. Two cow-contest associations have been 
formed, and cow-testing contests are being held in 
various parts of the county. Experiments in killing 
out wild mustard by the use of sprays are being tried. 
Farm surveys are to be made, and in connection with 
the feeding of dairy cattle, farmers will cooperate in 
selecting a good grade of dent corn suitable for the 
county. A start has been made with the old Onon¬ 
daga White variety, which seems well suited to the 
locality. The proposition is to study this variety and 
develop it so as to adapt it particularly to local soil 
and climate. This bureau has a farm loans commit¬ 
tee, and it also seeks to investigate and adjust, if pos¬ 
sible, complaints made by its members in dealing with 
the public service companies. 
The Buyers’ and Sellers’ Exchange has proven a 
complete success and bids fair to assume large pro¬ 
portions the coming year. A large number of people 
have been induced to use milk record sheets and lime, 
and to adopt better methods of cropping. We have 
inaugurated a system of permanent fertility, which 
proves to be successful and valuable to farmers, both 
in saving fertilizer bills and increasing yields. A num¬ 
ber of people are using raw rock phosphate in contact 
with decaying organic matter, beginning this year. The 
work in renovating several old orchards is proceeding 
admirably. 
NEW YORK STATE NEWS. 
NEW FRUIT TREES.—Governor Glynn has signed 
Assemblyman Gillett’s bill with regard to selling of 
fruit-bearing trees. This law requires that all fruit¬ 
bearing trees shipped from any point in the State shall 
have attached “to each car, box, bale or package a 
copy of a certificate of inspection issued by the De¬ 
partment of Agriculture and signed by the Commis¬ 
sioner of Agriculture, valid to the first day of Septem¬ 
ber next following the date of issuance thereof.” La¬ 
bels specifying the varieties or names of the trees must 
also be attached. The law also provides for the re¬ 
covery of damages if any of the trees prove untrue to 
name. It also requires all agents selling fruit-bearing 
trees to carry a certificate in writing showing author¬ 
ity to act as such agents. The act is to take effect 
on September 1 of this year. 
“SIX DAYS SHALT” WITH EXCEPTIONS.— 
The bill introduced by Senator Brown to amend the 
law in relation to Sunday labor has become a law. It 
exempts from the provisions of the act which would 
limit labor to six days the week, the “employees in 
dairies, creameries, milk condenseries, milk powder fac¬ 
tories, milk sugar factories, milk shipping stations, but¬ 
ter and cheese factories, ice cream manufacturing 
plants and milk bottling plants.” 
ANOTHER LAW.—Senator Godfrey’s bill amend¬ 
ing the charter of the city of Jamestown has been 
approved by the Governor. It authorizes the common 
council, on recommendation of the board of health, to 
acquire a municipal plant to handle and distribute 
milk, after the taxpayers have voted in favor of the 
proposition. We believe this is the first instance 
where a municipality has undertaken to handle the 
milk supply for the city. 
LABOR DEPARTMENT ACTIVITY. — The De¬ 
partment of Labor was certainly busy during the 
month of March, according to a report recently issued 
by the department. Its agents inspected 5,731 fac¬ 
tories. 3,293 mercantile establishments, 1,888 tenements 
and four mines. There were 24,341 orders issued dur¬ 
ing the month to factories, and of these 8,665 were 
in regard to fire protection. The department stopped 
work in 122 factories that were unclean, and seven 
factories were prosecuted on account of unsanitary 
conditions. During the month 18,982 visits were made 
by inspectors to determine whether or not orders of 
the department had been obeyed. 
INSPECTING DAIRIES.—The work of inspecting 
every dairy in the State where cows are kept under the 
Bang system is under progress at this writing. This 
is done at the order of Commissioner Huson, who pro¬ 
poses to know what are the facts in the case in re¬ 
spect to the protection of the public against any pos¬ 
sible danger of tuberculosis being transmitted through 
milk or the eating of veal. There are about 700 cows 
on 125 farms that are kept under the Bang system, 
and if it is discovered that they are not being kept 
according to agreement, that agreement will be can¬ 
celed promptly. 
GENESEE FRUIT GROWERS.— The Genesee 
County Fr it Growers’ Association is planning to 
wage war against the San Jose scale this Spring. 
Two experts from Cornell will remain in the county 
for the Spring and Summer, and they will visit all 
orchards of the members of the association as soon as 
practicable. It is said that they will use a new for¬ 
mula for the spray, the ingredients of which will be 
made known to members of the association. This, if 
true, may be a good way to increase membership in 
the association, but it isn’t a good way to cope with 
the scale. Unfortunately the scale is no respecter of 
horticultural associations. 
OTSEGO FARM BUREAU.—The largest county 
farm bureau association in the State is that of Otsego 
County. It had a charter membership of 470, and 
now 62S farmers are connected with the bureau. The 
aim is to bring the number up to 1.000. This is by 
far the largest association of its kind, as Oneida, 
which stands next, has but 260, if we are correctly 
informed. Of course benefits are nowhere limited to 
members, but in a way every farmer in the county 
must receive benefit from the bureau’s operations. 
Floyd S. Barlow, of New Brunswick, N. J„ was chosen 
agent of the bureau, and he has been holding meetings 
all through the county to get the farmers interested in 
the movement. 
STATE FAIR COMMISSION.—A meeting of the 
State Fair Commission was held in Syracuse April 30. 
At this meeting Commissioner Huson presided, and 
many details of the next fair were worked out. The 
premium lists for the fair are to be ready for distribu¬ 
tion by June 1, and already a number of former ex¬ 
hibitors are applying for reservations. a. w. d. 
