1914. 
THE RURA1 
NEW-YORKER 
U 31 
CONTENTS 
THE RURAL NEW-YORKER, October 10, 1914. 
FARM TOPICS. 
Hardy Strains of Alfalfa.1201, 1202 
A Crop of Sweet Potatoes.1202 
Fitting the Fall-Plowed Ground.1202 
Value of Vetch and Rye.1203 
Making a Soil for Grass Seeding.1203 
A Crop of Onions.1204 
Damaged Hay as Fertilizer.1205 
Forest Loaves for Fertilizer.1205 
Killing Seeds in Manure.1205 
Value of Air-Slaked Lime.1205 
The Adsuki Bean.1205 
Crop Notes .1206 
Defective Ears of Corn.1200 
Dodder on Alfalfa ..1209 
Coming Farmers’ Meetings . 1210 
Government Crop and Weather Reports.... 1215 
Farm News .1227 
A Young Clover Crop.1211 
Plowing Old Grass Field.1211 
Hope Farm Notes . 1212 
The Florida Land Frauds. 1212 
LIVE STOCK AND DAIRY. 
Concerning Heaves of Horses. 
Alfalfa Kay for Horses. 
The Prown Swiss Cattle. 
Selecting a Flock Breeder. 
A. R. 0. Record. 
Sorghum As Fodder. 
Cull Apples for Hogs. 
Drying Off Cow .. 
Balancing Rations . 
Comparison of Food Value. 
Cows and Hogs On Same Pasture.... 
Salting Silage . 
Balky Horse .„. 
Summer Sore On Colt . 
Tumor . 
Sweeny . 
Fistulous Sore . 
The Cost of a Heifer.. 
Composition of a Cow’s Cud . 
Delaware County Conditions. 
Discussing the Milk Situation. 
Disease of Hogs . 
Fancy vs. Utility Poultry. 
Persistent Roup ... 
Managing Breeders . 
Hens With Conjunctivitis . 
Slobbering . 
Cow With Boils. 
Itching Skin . 
Thriftless Pigs . 
Garget . 
Lameness . 
The Egg-Laying Contest. 
Chicks Not True to Type. 
Aspergillosis . 
Guinea Hen Not Laying . 
Bumblcfoot . 
Ailing Fowls .. 
A Great Turkey . 
HORTICULTURE. 
.1222 
.1222 
.1222 
.1223 
.1223 
.1224 
.1224 
.1224 
.1224 
. 1224 
.1224 
.1224 
.1225 
.1225 
. 1225 
.1225 
.1225 
.1226 
.1226 
.1226 
.1227 
.1227 
.1228 
.1223 
.1228 
.1228 
.1223 
.1228 
.1223 
.1228 
.1228 
.1228 
.1229 
.1229 
.1229 
.1229 
.1229 
.1229 
.1229 
Gouty-Gall of the Raspberry.1204 
Sheep Manure for Garden Use.1205 
Quinces in Damp Ground.1208 
Ameliaberta Peach .1208 
Barren Plum; White Grubs .1208 
Late Peach; Jonathan Apple as Filler.1208 
Keeping Pears .1203 
A Vacation at Grape Picking.1208 
A Combination Cover Crop ........1208 
Slitting Bark for Blight.1208 
Notes and Comments .1209 
Gathering and Drying Citron .1209 
New York State Apple Outlook.1210 
Chinese Peaches .1213 
Northern Ohio Garden Notes.1213 
The Brashington Cherry .1213 
Western Apple Growers’ Problems.1215 
WOMAN AND THE HOME. 
From Day to Day.1218 
The Rural Patterns .1218 
Necessary Solitudo .1218 
Seen in Now York Shops.1219 
Tested Grape Juice .1219 
Educating Children at Home.1219 
Making the New Basque.1220 
To Make Money .1220 
Baked Eggs With Ham.1220 
Making Sauerkraut .1220 
Waffles .1220 
Aunt Abby’s Outdoor School Room.1221 
Starch Beads and Damp .1221 
Pork Spice Cako .1221 
Potato Pie .1221 
Carrot Pudding .1221 
MISCELLANEOUS. 
Facts About Handling Timber.1203 
The Sense in Old Sayings.1203, 1204 
Ventilating and Cooling a Cellar.1205 
Events of the Week.1206 
New York Stato News.1210 
Acetylone Waste as Whitewash.1211 
Editorials . 1214 
The Land Bank . 1215 
Prices at Public Markets .1215 
Heard at New York Free Markets.1215 
Jersey City Markets .1215 
Buffalo Markets .’..1227 
Beekeeper’s Notes .1225 
Publisher’s Desk .1230 
Products, Prices and Trade. 
Wholesale Prices at New York. 
Week Ending Oct. 2. 1914. 
MILK. 
The Borden milk schedule to producers 
for the six months beginning with Oc¬ 
tober is as follows. This is per 100 
pounds in the 26-cent zone. 
1914. 
October .$2.00 
November . 2.10 
December . 2.10 
January . 2.05 
February . 1,95 
March . 1.90 
Wholesale prices paid by New York 
dealers are running $1.81 and $1.61 for 
B and C. Hotels and restaurants using 
STATEMENT OF THE OWNERSHIP. MANAGE¬ 
MENT. CIRCH.ATION. Etc., of Till: RU¬ 
RAL NEW-YORKER, published weekly at 
838 West 30th Street, New York. N. Y., as 
required by the Act of August 24. 1912. 
Editor: Herbert W. Collingwood', Woodeliff Lake, 
N. .7. 
Managing Editor; Herbert W. Collingwood, 
Woodeliff Lake, N. .T. 
Business Manager; John J. Dillon, 903 West End 
Avenue, New York. 
PubMsher: The Rural Publishing Co., 333 West 
30th Street, New Yora. 
Owners: John J. Dillon, 903 West End Avenue, 
New York. 
Wm. E. Dillon, 3075 Broadway, New 
York. 
Herbert W. Collingwood, Woodeliff 
Lake. N. J. 
There are no bondholders, mortgagees or other 
security holders. 
(Signed) JOHN J. DILLON, Business Manager. 
Sworn to and subscribed before me this 2d day 
of October, 1914. 
C. S. LORENTZEN, 
Notary Public, 
New York County. 
My commission expires March 30, 1915. 
two to three cans per day are paying five 
to 5*4 cents per quart, single quart prices 
from bakeries and grocery stores, six to 
seven cents; delivered milk, nine to 10 
cents. 
BUTTER. 
The market is decidedly dull, as re¬ 
ceipts are in excess of present needs, and 
buyers not stocking up. No change in 
price is noted except on some medium 
and under grades. The N. Y. Mercantile 
Exchange has adopted new butter rules 
iu effect October 1. The classification 
will be: Creamery; Process, made by 
melting, clarifying, churning again, etc. ; 
Ladles, butter that is collected and 
worked over by dealer or shipper; Pack¬ 
ing Stock, butter as originally made at 
the farm in rolls, lumps, etc.; Grease 
Butter, which speaks for itself without 
description. The grades of Creamery, 
Process and Ladles will be: Extras, 
Firsts, Seconds and Thirds. Packing 
Stock will be No. 1, No. 2, No. 3. The 
score for Creamery will be on this scale: 
Flavor, 45; body, 25; color, 15; salt, 
10; style, 5. Extra may score 91 to 93 
points, depending on season and average 
quality of the best offerings. Butter 
scoring higher than the requirement for 
Extras may be branded accordingly on 
the demand of seller or buyer. In min¬ 
imum scores, Firsts may be four points 
below Extras; Seconds, five below min¬ 
imum of Firsts: and Thirds, seven be¬ 
low minimum of seconds. 
Creamery, extra.above 91 score, lb... 30 © 30}^ 
Extra, 91 score . 29 © 2914 
Good to Choice . 26 © 28 
Lower Grades. 22 @ 25 
Storage . 27 © 30 
State Dairy, best. 28 @ 29 
Common to Good. 22 © 25 
Ladles . 19 @ 22 
Racking Stock. 18 © 21 
Process . 22 © 26 
Elgin, Ill., butter market 29 cents. 
Philadelphia, western creamery. 31 cents. 
Chicago creamery, 24@29 
CHEESE. 
Business is not brisk, but dealers as 
a rule are storing rather than cutting 
prices, except on skims. 
Whole Milk, fresh, specials. 1594® 16 
Average fancy. 1514® 15b£ 
Prime.. 14)6® 15 
Under grades . 11 © 14 
Daisies. 16 @ U04 
Skims, specials. 13 ® 13% 
Good to choice . 121*3 
Poor to fair. 7 ® u 
EGGS. 
There is considerable surplus of all 
but nearby white eggs, which are three 
to four cents above last week. Very lit¬ 
tle business in storage stock except on 
the better grades. 
White, choice to fancy, large . 40 @ 42 
Common to good . 30 @ 33 
Mixed colors, best. 31 @ 33 
Common to good. 22 @ 25 
Western fresh, white. 28 @ 33 
Lower grades. 18 @ 20 
Storage, best . 24 @ 25 
Lower grades. 18 @ 22 
FRESH FRUITS. 
The surplus of low grade apples has 
been disposed of, and, with weather 
cooler, the tone of the market is im¬ 
proved, although prices remain prac¬ 
tically the same. Peaches are getting 
scarce, choice late varieties like Morris 
White bringing $1 per basket. Pears 
of standard varieties are bringing high 
prices. 
Apples—Alexander, bbl. 
Gravenstein ... 
Duchess... 
Wealthy . 
Full Pippin. 
Mein tosn. 
Jonathan . 
Twenty-ounce . 
King . . 
-Greening . 
Blush . 
Crabapples, bbl. 
Pears. Anjou, bbl. 
Clapp’s Favorite . 
Bartlett. 
Seckel . 
Bose . 
Clalrgeau. 
Sheklou. 
Peaches, nearby, bkt. 
Grapes, 181b case. 
41b. bkt.. 
Plums. 81b.-bkt.. 
Muskmelons, Colorado, bu. .. 
Watermelons, 100.. .... 
HOPS. 
Prime to choice. 
Common to good. 
Pacific Coast. 
Old stock... 
HONEY. 
Clover, comb, lb. 
Extracted, gallon. 
1 50 
1 50 
1 50 
1 60 
1 50 
1 50- 
2 00 
1 50 
150 
1 25 
1 50 
4 00 
2 00 
3 00 
3 50 
2 50 
3 01) 
2 50 
3 00 
25 
40 
7 
10 
1 00 
10 00 
45 
40 
19 
10 
12 
50 
© 
2 
50 
© 
2 
75 
@ 
2 
SO 
© 
*i 
75 
© 
2 
50 
© 
3 
00 
@ 
3 
00 
© 
2 
25 
© 
2 
25 
© 
2 
00 
© 
o 
25 
© 
8 
00 
@ 
3 
25 
© 
5 
00 
© 
5 
50 
© 
4 
00 
@ 
4 
SO 
© 
3 
50 
© 
4 
00 
© 
1 
00 
© 
65 
© 
10 
@ 
25 
© 
I 
50 
@20 
00 
© 
50 
© 
44 
© 
20 
© 
15 
© 
16 
© 
80 
BEANS. 
There has been a decline of 10 to 25 
cents per hundred on practically all va¬ 
rieties. A few Red Kidney have been 
exported, but otherwise business is dull. 
Marrow, 100 lbs. 6 40 ® G 50 
Medium . 4 65 @ 4 70 
Pea . 4 40 ® 4 55 
Red Kidney. 525 @ 0 05 
Lima, Calilornia. 7 00 ® 7 25 
VEGETABLES. 
The potato market has been iu poor 
condition during the week, -vith more 
or less damage in the bulk shipments, 
which had been on the road during the 
recent hot weather. Some Long Island 
and Jersey round_have sold up to $2 per 
barrel, but $1.75 has been nearer an 
average of sales. Onion market very 
dull. Catbage in moderate supply. A 
few tomatoes bringing $1.25 per bushel. 
Potatoes—Jersey, bbl. 
Long Island, bbl,. 
Maine,'130 lbs. 
Sweet Potatoes, bbl. 
Brussels Sprouts. 
Beets. 100 bunches. 
Carrots, bbl. 
Cucumbers, bu. 
Corn. Jersey, 100. 
Cabbage, bbl. 
Ton . 
Lettuce, half-bbl. basket. 
Onions—Orange Co., bag . 
Conn. Ybuow. 100 lbs. 
1 65 @ 1 85 
1 75 @ 2 OU 
1 70 I® 1 75 
2 00 © 2 50 
03 @ 12 
50 @ 1 00 
75 ® 1 00 
40 ® 75 
50 ® 1 50 
60 © 90 
9 00 ©12 00 
25 @ 75 
75 ® 1 12 
75 © I la 
Peppers. Jersey, bbl.1 00 @ 1 75 
Peas, bu.1 00 © 3 00 
Radishes, 100 bunches . 75 © 1 00 
8 tring Beans, bn. 75 © 1 25 
Squash. Hubbard, bbl. 60 @ 75 
Marrow. 50 © 75 
Egg Plants, bu. 50 @ 90 
Tomatoes, Jersey, box. 25 © 75 
LIVE POULTRY. 
Chickens, lb. 15 @ 17 
Fowls . 15 @ 18 
Roosters. 11^@ 12 
Ducks. 16 @ 17 
Geese. 15 @ 16 
DRESSED POULTRY. 
Turkeys, choiee, lb. [23 @ 25 
Common to good .. 15 @ 20 
Chickens choice broilers, lb. 23 @ 25 
Squab broilers, pair ... 50 @ 65 
Broilers, common to good . 18 © 20 
Fowls. 17 © 19 
Ducks, Spring. 15 @ 16 
Squabs, doz. 1 25 @3 50 
HAY AND STRAW. 
The heavy accumulation of hay at 
terminal points has been lowered a tri¬ 
fle, but there is still considerable sur¬ 
plus and a large amount of heated stock, 
caused by baling too early. A decline of 
50 cents per ton from last week’s prices 
cover most business in medium and un¬ 
der grades. Straw prices unchanged. 
Hay. Timothy, new. No. 1. ton. 
No. 2. 
@20 50 
@18 00 
@16 0 () 
@19 00 
@16 00 
@13 00 
No. 3. 
Clover mixed. 
Straw . 1 Rye. choice. 
Short and tangled . 
LIVE STOCK. 
Native Steers. 
Bulls. 
Cows. 
Calves, prime veal, 100 lb.. 
Culls.. 
. . 500 
... 3 50 
© 8 90 
@ 6 50 
© 6 00 
@12 50 
@ 8 00 
@ 5 00 
@ 8 40 
© 9 60 
Sheep. 100 lbs. 
Lambs . 
Hogs. 
GRAIN. 
Wheat has declined three cents, owing 
to light speculative buying and large 
receipts at central markets. Corn is 
three to four cents lower, owing to good 
crop reports and free offerings of Argen¬ 
tine. 
Wheat. No. 1, Northern Spring. 108 @ 
No. 2, Red . 1 12 @ .. 
No. 2. Hard Winter. 106 @ 
Corn, as to quality, bush. 80 © 81 
Oats, as to weight, bush... 50 @ 53 
Rye. 96 © 98 
RETAIL PRICES AT NEW YORK. 
These are not the highest or lowest fig¬ 
ures noted here, but represent produce of 
good quality, and the buying opportuni¬ 
ties of at least half of New York’s popu¬ 
lation. 
Eggs, fancy white.^doz. 45 © 48 
Mixed colors, new laid. 40 @ 42 
Ordinary grades. 20 @ 30 
Butter, fancy prints, lb.P. ... 33 @ 40 
Tub, choice. 30 @ 34 
Chickens, roasting, lb. 28 @ 30 
Squab broilers, pair . 1 1)0 @ 1 50 
Broilers, common to good, lb. 25 © 28 
Fricassee, lb. 19 © 21 
Fowls. 18 @ 20 
Leg of lamb. 16 © IS 
Lamb chops. 18 © 20 
Roasting beef . 16 © 18 
Stewing beef . 12 © 14 
Pork Chops. 18 @ 20 
Loin of Pork . 17 @ 19 
Round Steak . 18 © 20 
Apples in Bulk. 
I would like to know the name of a 
concern in New York that will handle 
bulk apples. l. w. 
New York. 
The name of a dealer of this class, has 
been sent the inquirer, but the price for 
apples shipped in this way is likely to 
be low. They will be badly bruised in 
the two handlings and shaking up they 
will get on the way, and will appeal to 
a class of cheap trade known to the deal¬ 
ers as “snakes.” In our judgment there 
will be more profit in barreling those 
that are worth selling and using the re¬ 
mainder for vinegar, stock or live stock 
feed. Apples in bulk are often seen in 
peddlers wagons in various parts of New 
York, but most of those were shipped in 
baskets or barrels and poured carefully 
into the wagon box after buying, as they 
make a better show in this way. Dozens 
of those wagons may be seen every busi¬ 
ness morning in the wholesale districts, 
loading up with whatever kind of produce 
is cheapest. 
What apples are raised here are sold 
in local market. No. 1 Gravensteins are 
retailing at $1.75 per barrel. Apples 
are plenty, and the wholesale men are 
not buying. Winter apples are not yet 
on the market. It is predicted that the 
Winter fruit will be sold for $1.25 a 
barrel. Since the men here do not ship 
their apples it is doubtful if many know 
what the apple law is. * a. b. h. 
Baugor, Me. 
“I nEAR the sea captain is in hard 
luck. lie married a girl and she ran 
away from him.” “Yes; ho took her for 
a mate, but she was a skipper.”—Lon¬ 
don Tit-Bits. 
FA RMFRS Superintendents, Working Foreman, Garden- 
crnmiTV I crs » Dairymen, Herdsmen, Farmers, Milkers, 
oLLUKJ 1 Y > Couples, Teamsters, Farmhands, Laborers. 
RIIP F A IT i Sidney Sullivan, I xpert Agency, 99 Nassau 
DU n lA U J y, G-IHG Cortland. Classed by itself. 
Subscribers 9 Exchange 
ALFALFA HAY—F. P. ERKENBECK, Fayette¬ 
ville. N. Y. 
WILL EXCHANGE White Potatoes for Sweets. 
Write C. T. STONE, De Ruyter, N. Y. 
NEW HONEY—Basswood or clover in sixty- 
pountJ cans. Write for prices. C. A. HATCH, 
Richland Center. WIs. 
FOR SALE—Fine team gray horses, 5 years old. 
weight. 3.000 lbs., well seasoned and suitable 
for any kind of heavy work. Address FARMER, 
care Rural New-Yorker. 
Subscribers’ Exchange 
Complying with several suggestions received 
recently, we open a department here to enabla 
RURAL NEW-YORKER readers to supply each 
other's wants. If you want to buy or sell or 
exchange, make it known here. This Rate will 
be 5 Cents a word, payable in advance. The 
name and address must be counted as part of 
the advertisement. Copy must reach us not 
later than Friday to appear in the following 
week. No display type used, and only Farm 
Products, Help and Positions Wanted admitted. 
For subscribers only. Dealers, jobbers and gen¬ 
eral manufacturers’ announcements not admit¬ 
ted here. Poultry, Eggs and other live stock 
advertisements will go under proper headings on 
other pages. Seed and Nursery advertisements 
will not be accepted for this column. 
WANTED—A reliable farm hand for general 
farm work. MAX G. ELDER, Pattersonville, 
N. Y. 
WANTED—Work on farm; married man, wife, 
one child; understands ail kinds of farm work. 
K. II., care Rural New-Yorker. 
AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE MAN desires posi¬ 
tion as worker-manager, renovation or poultry 
specialties. PHILIP MARSH, Farmington, Me. 
WANTED—-30 apple pickers, graders and pack¬ 
ers. High-grade fruit, boxes and barrels. 
Board' on the place. J. H. HALE, Seymour, 
Conn. 
BY MARRIED MAN—Life experience in all 
branches of farming; milker and teamster, 
wants steady work. EMIL LAUBLE, Arlington, 
N. Y. 
UNMARRIED MAN—Farm reared, now employ¬ 
ed, desires poultry farm work, where charac¬ 
ter is appreciated. Address X, care Rural New- 
Yorker. 
WANTED—Position as working foreman on 
gentleman’s farm, life experience, married, 
no family, with cottage, or wife do housework, 
knowledge of fruit and gardening, good habits, 
no liquor. G. M., care R. N.-Y. 
WANTED—'THOROUGH POULTRYMAN. WITH 
business ability, to take Presidency of large 
plant on basis of salary and share In profits. 
Only applicants who have been successful and 
made profits will be considered. Address full 
particulars to M. C., care R. N.-Y. 
— — — - 
MAN familiar with general farm work from boy¬ 
hood, desires employment on general or dairy 
farm, or driving team; wife would also assist. 
Best references as to honesty, industry and abil¬ 
ity for farm service; do not aspire to manage¬ 
ment of large place. Address F. M. B., care 
The II. N.-Y., 333 West 30th St., New York. 
DAIRYMAN—Wanted for private estate, near 
New York, a first-class dairyman, married, 
without family; one who has been accustomed 
to Guernseys; capable of keeping records, etc.; 
no others need apply; wages, $70 per month, 
with free house and light. None need apply 
whose references will not bear the strictest in¬ 
vestigation. Apply “DAIRYMAN,” 166 W. 23d 
St., New York. 
— 
WANTED—Position as manager of commercial 
Agricultural Enterprise on large farm to be 
run on a business basis; scientific knowledge and 
practical experience in North and South; silos, 
crops, breeding, feeding: unquestionable evidence 
of ability and integrity; at liberty Oct. 1. or 
sooner; will not consider proposition paying less 
than §1.800; or might consider taking under 
lease a good farm all furnished. Adu’ress B. D., 
Care R. N.-Y. 
FARM MANAGER—Are you in need of a suc¬ 
cessful farm manager? Understand breeding 
pure bred stock, growing all crops, dairying, 
certified milk, fruit growing, gardening, business 
management. Wisconsin graduate and formally 
in charge Wisconsin Experimental Farm. Mar¬ 
ried. one child; 9 years' experience as manager 
of large estates. A1 references, including pres¬ 
ent employer. Not less than $1,500 considered; 
would consider salary and percentage. SCIEN¬ 
TIFIC. care Rural New-Yorker. 
FOR SALE—Improved forty cow farm, good 
buildings: fruit, water and timber. GEO. 
BUTTON, New Berlin, Chenango Co., N. Y. 
GOOD FARM 200 ACRES, fine buildings, ’4 
mile of store, school, depot. EMERSON 
GREGORY, Owner, Bangall, Dutchess Co. N. V. 
FOR SALE—Farm In rich Nehalem valley, west¬ 
ern Oregon; great dairy and fruit region; the 
country of the future. For particulars write 
MRS. W. J. D. YOUNG, Jewell, Oregon. 
FARM—$2,000 will give you possession of a fine 
100-aere farm in Hunterdon County. New Jer 
sey. Crops in the ground; water possibilities: 
line for health resort. C. W. A., care R. N.-Y. 
FOR SALE—120-acre dairy farm with retail 
business, excellent markets, nearest dairy t . 
great summer and hunting resort on Jerse. 
coast; crops and stock included. Apply EMGE. 
ear ff R. New-Yorker. 
WANTED—To rent small farm, with privilege 
of buying; anywhere between Dover, Del. and 
Princess Anne. Md. Must have fruit and on 
good road. Give full particulars. GRANT 
FULLHART, Muneie, Ind. 
FOR SALE—One of the finest farms in Albe¬ 
marle Co.. Va.; 545 acres; 100 acres river bot¬ 
tom; balance red clay soil; 100 acres Virginia 
timber; full description In first letter. J. E. 
BABER, Afton. R. It. 1, Albemarle Co., Va. 
L— - - ■ - —■ — 
LARGE FARM—Stock hay, crops, tools, good 
buildings, cuts 60 tons bay. 200 fruit trees, 
large sugar grove, 500,000 ft. timber, mile large 
railroad town, adjoins large lake. Summer resort, 
sacrifice quick buyer; part cash. Address OWN¬ 
ER, Box 100, Wlmington, Yt. 
TO LET OR FOR SALE—Good water power, fac¬ 
tory and tenant buildings, excellent condition 
on State road at Malden Bridge, Columbia 
County, New York, three miles from Boston and 
Albany station. Great opportunity for manu¬ 
facturer with light transportation. Write for 
particulars. E. W. RIDER. 50 Court Street. 
Brooklyn, N. Y. 
FOR SALE—Owing to war, attractive place 
suitable for Summer boarders. IS rooms, new 
plumbing and bath, large verandas, 2 cellars, 
children’s play house in grounds, 12 acres land, 
fine truck garden, apples, pears, ice house, good 
barns, new pigeon pens for 1,000 birds; excel¬ 
lent water, large shade trees: wonderful climate: 
one mile from station. Owner will sell on easy 
terms and leave some furniture, if desired'. Ref¬ 
erences given and required. Price $7,500. Ad¬ 
dress BYAM, East Chatham, N. Y. 
