11548 
THE RURAt NEW-YORKEK 
Live Stock and Dairy 
October 17, 
A 
FARM STOCK BREEDING. 
General Principles. 
Part I. 
MATTER OF BUSINESS.—While 
it is necessarily true that no farmer 
can take up the work of stock breeding 
in an intensive manner and carry it on 
in its most minute details, yet it seems 
to be a fact that the prosperity of the 
farmer is quite largely due to the prin¬ 
ciples of stock breeding which he prac¬ 
tices. This will be true more in the fu¬ 
ture than it has in the past. There, of 
course, has been a time when the farmer 
could make a commercial success by 
growing wheat and selling the product 
from his farm but consequent depletion 
of the soil fertility with the increasing 
population have made live stock farm¬ 
ing more and more a necessity. The 
time of the exclusive grain farmer has 
about passed. Corn for silage has, and 
will in the future more than in the past, 
taken the place of wheat. The stock is 
next in line. We must produce more 
food on fewer acres and since the area 
of tillable land cannot be greatly in¬ 
creased, a change in the style of farming 
must take place. There are some prin¬ 
ciples of stock breeding that should be 
observed when dealing with all classes of 
live stock on the average farm. These 
will be dealt with generally and then we 
shall apply them to the various general 
classes of farm stock, horses, cattle, sheep 
and hogs. 
Influence of Tiie Sire. —We often 
hear it said, especially in relation to the 
human family, that the mother is more 
relation to the child than is the father. 
This statement is founded on ignorance. 
We must not take it for granted that 
because of the mother’s close relations 
with the unborn child that she stamps 
more of her character upon the offspring 
than does the father. It often happens 
that the offspring does show more of its 
mother’s characteristics than those of the 
father but the reason is not that it Is 
more related to the mother. The off¬ 
spring must necessarily spend the forma¬ 
tive part of its external life with the 
mother and in this manner, acquires the 
mother’s habits and characteristics. In 
the science of embryology, we find that 
there are the same number of character 
formers in the male as in the female por¬ 
tion. This is true of all members of the 
animal and plant kingdom. It would be 
as reasonable to say that the incubator 
is related to the chicks which are 
hatched in it as to say that the mother 
is more related to the offspring than the 
father. After the egg is once formed, 
the incubator makes no difference. 
The Sire’s Influence. —That the 
sire is one-half of the offspring, we can 
easily see and it can be just as easily 
shown that he is more than one-half of 
the herd or other collection of individuals 
upon which he is used. When used in a 
single cross, the .'.ire is only one-half of 
the result but when taken on a large 
number of individuals, the male is more 
than one-half of the result. We may 
take dairy cattle as an example. If a 
bull with an ability to sire heifers of 
high productive power is used on a herd 
of low producers, he is much more than 
half of the herd, for the standard of the 
h.erd is raised by his use to a productive 
power of more than one half. But we 
must not expect that each heifer result¬ 
ing from this cross will be a superior 
producer. While in the majority of 
cases, the heifers will be better cows than 
their dams, the breeder must not be dis¬ 
couraged if they do not always prove 
so. The trouble usually is in knowing 
the bull to be a sire of high producers— 
this takes a test period and by the time 
this has passed, the old bull has become 
intractable and hard to handle and by 
the time his records are available, he has 
gone the rounds of the butcher’s trade. 
Determination of Sex. —The de¬ 
termination of sex is a question that has 
held great interest for investigators, from 
antiquity to our modern days and still 
no one knows how it really is determined. 
It would be a great achievement if one 
could control sex by some external opera¬ 
tion for many times the females of a 
certain species of animal are much more 
valuable, commercially, and if man could 
influence the sex nearly all of them 
would be females or males, whichever 
might be worth more money. Many 
farmers believe that breeding females 
during the latter part of the period of 
heat will produce males, and vice versa, 
and a great many experiments have been 
performed and surgical operations made 
to discern how sex is determined, such 
as removal of one ovary or testicle, etc., 
but the progeny still continues to be ap¬ 
proximately one-lialf male and one-half 
female. However much value it would 
be in a commercial way to control sex, 
still it seems that it is a wise provision 
of nature that causes sex to be so de¬ 
termined that the number of males born 
is about equal to the number of females. 
This gives a chance for a better choice 
of males than as though man could con¬ 
trol this. One reason why a great many 
of the theories advanced have seemed 
to have some truth in them is that there 
are only two chances for sex determina¬ 
tion ; the offspring is either male or fe¬ 
male. If there were a chance for many 
sexes, we would have a better oppor¬ 
tunity to determine if sex may be in¬ 
fluenced by any external factors. We 'do 
know, however, from a study of embry¬ 
ology that sex is not determined at the 
time the two parts of the egg unite; that 
is, it is not to be seen by the use of the 
microscope. The embryo is usually quite 
well developed before any sex can be de¬ 
termined. With those animals which are 
ordinarily carried in embryo for nine 
months, the investigators have not as 
yet been able to distinguish the sex until 
the individual was about two months in 
embryonjc development. This does not 
necessaiily show that sex is not present 
before that age* but from all outward ap¬ 
pearances, the female individual is the 
same at 1 % month development as the 
future male individual at the same age. 
With foals the external sex organs can¬ 
not be seen until the embryo is about 2 y 2 
months along. 
Effects of Inbreeding. —In the nat¬ 
ural state, the strongest male animal of 
the species was the sire of the future in¬ 
dividuals of that species. As soon as 
the sire became weak through age or 
accident, he was driven out by the 
stronger, oncoming males and ceased to 
sire the offspring. This state of nature 
often resulted in inbreeding and it 
seems from a survey of the natural state 
that this very condition often resulted 
in perpetuating species characteristics, 
yet undoubtedly, it was this same in- 
breeding that has distinguished most of 
our distinct species. In all probability, 
all breeds or species first started from a 
single differing individual. Whether or 
not it has been this inbreeding which has 
fastened some of the characteristics of 
the wild species so tenaciously to them¬ 
selves, we do know that within compar¬ 
atively recent and modern times we have 
Molasses Jo gft 
THE MOORE BROS., ALBANY, N. 
j DAIRY CATTXjE 
For Sale-Registered Brown Swiss Bull Calf 
7 months old. Bred strong in the line* of cows Me- 
Alpine Swig* Valley Girl and Rah. Also the Bull* 
Me.Avoy and Ruben. Splendid individual. Dark, 
mouse color. Come see him, his dam and sire, or 
write for particulars. Price. $125. 
1’. A. McDlINN, . - AVilmore, Pa. 
F OR SALE-ONE REGISTERED GlTEItN- 
SKY DULL —four years old—all safe to handle. 
WM. C. W11 I PPL, I<1, Purchase, New York 
Guernsey 
Bull Calves from fashionable breed 
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Guernsey Bulls for SaIe“ s I j' n e ,’ 8 8i ,™j 
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Guernsey Bull Calvesl^ 6 ^ 0 ® 
records as high as G'.’O lbs. butter fat and 14,000 lbs. 
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Good Guernseys for Sale 
1 Purebred cow. 4 years, frosh, S250. 1 Grade cow, 4 
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BUY 
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.-a 
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(E»tablishrd 1S67) 
( 114 ) 
