1300 
I' H IS RURAL NEW-YORKER 
October O 1 f 
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FARM STOCK BREEDING. 
Part III. 
H ORSE IMPROVEMENT.—In breed¬ 
ing horses, there are many points 
which are not given much attention with 
other classes of live stock. The kind of 
horse which is bred and raised is so 
largely dependent upon the conditions 
which the horse fulfills on the farm that 
the horse breeding varies according to the 
needs of the locality or farm. In a grain 
farming community, while stock kept is 
very limited, yet good, heavy horses are 
in deniand. Necessarily, the type of 
horse bred for this work will be far dif¬ 
ferent from the horses which are bred in 
a dairy community. When most of the 
work is such light work as cultivating 
and delivering the products of the cows, 
a heavy horse is at a disadvantage be¬ 
cause the same traveling on the road that 
‘would ruin the feet of a larger animal 
will do no damage to the feet of a lighter 
animal. Probably from 1.100 to 1,350 
pounds would be about the weight of 
horse desired under these conditions, 
while for the heavier work, one would 
want teams weighing from 2,800 to 3,400 
pounds. While it is true that the mar¬ 
ket uses a certain quantity of light 
horses, yet the great demand is for a 
heavy horse with good feet to be used for 
trucking purposes in the cities. For the 
lighter work, automobiles can be used 
more economically, but when it comes to 
the heavy trucking, the heavy horse is 
o'ten preferred to the automobile truck. 
1 ight horse breeding is not an industry 
which belongs with farming. 
Fetter Horses Are Needed. —The 
need in most localities is more and better 
horses. If one has them to sell, they are 
always eagerly bought, and the market 
will probably be good for a great many 
years. It was prophesied before the Eu¬ 
ropean war that the price of horses would 
reach a low ebb during the next 10 years, 
1 ut the experience of the horse market at 
present should lend itself strongly towards 
encouraging the breeding of good horses, 
for of all industries represented in our 
leading centers of business as well as in 
rural centers, the horse industry suffered 
as little as any. There are many reasons 
why the need for purebreds will not be 
satisfied in the present or ensuing decade. 
One ought, other things being equal, to se¬ 
lect the breed which he prefers, as long 
as be is breeding along lines which insure 
uniform results. The one feature which 
draws strongly in colts, is the uniformity 
of one’s offerings. If the colts are uni¬ 
form in conformation and color, it shows 
the intentions of the owner in his breed¬ 
ing practice, and to breed aimlessly is al¬ 
most, if not quite, as bad as not to breed 
at all. If one breeds along the lines of 
his preference, he will take more interest 
in his operations and be more likely to 
get better results. 
Purebred Sires Essential. —If one be 
breeding either light or heavy drafters, 
purebred sires are an essential. Before 
one breeds to a purebred even, he should 
be reasonably sure that the stallion is free 
from diseases and hereditary weakness. 
Such hereditary weakness may take the 
form of a poor quality of bone, defective 
eyesight, or flat feet, etc. One of the im¬ 
portant assets of a market horse is good 
feet. The sire should be well propor¬ 
tioned and not too heavy for his bone. 
Good breeders like to see a stallion’s 
weight come from bone and muscle, not 
from fat. Some comparatively light stal¬ 
lions are made to seem heavy by feeding 
a large amount of corn ; this is especially 
true where corn is grown. Such feeding 
not only deceives those who are judging 
the animal but also injures his breeding 
powers. The same corn which is so val¬ 
uable in fattening steers or lambs for mar¬ 
ket does not add to the quality of the 
horse nor to his weight of bone. It is a 
poor feed for breeding horses. There is 
nothing better for stallions than good, 
clean oats. 
Tiie Eight IIorse. —Should a farmer 
prefer to breed lighter horses, the Suffolk 
and Percheron are the most desirable. I 
have reference to the old style Percheron 
of the conformation and weight general to 
the breed before the infusion of tin* blood 
of the heavier breeds. These Percherons 
weigh from 1.350 to 1.500 pounds and the 
• old Percheron owners used to make their 
brags that their horses could travel all 
day at from 10 to 12 miles an hour. 
When one is selecting animals for breed¬ 
ing purposes, look for an active, animated 
appearing animal with good action. The 
special qualities which the market lays 
the most stress upon are a close coup¬ 
ling, broad chest and loin, a well-formed 
neck and shoulders, well muscled but not 
fat quarters, strong in the stifle, with 
clean flat bone and sound feet. Of these 
the most important are close coupling, 
strong in the stifle, and sound feet. The 
horse with a long coupling is rarely a 
heavy hauler, while the strength of the 
stifle is insurance against some of the ac¬ 
cidents to which horseflesh is heir, the 
great majority of which are in the hind 
legs. For heavy work on the cement or 
brick pavements or macadam roads sound 
feet and hoofs are demanded. 
When using such a stallion upon a 
grade mare, she is almost certain to pro¬ 
duce a good colt. Excellent general pur¬ 
pose horses will usually result from such 
a mating, especially if the mare is a lit¬ 
tle lighter and has some trotting blood in 
two. It is a thing to be stiiven for 
rather than to be possessed. There are 
some mares in teams that could not or 
should not be mated to the same stallion. 
Common mistakes in everyday breeding 
practice such as breeding small mares to 
very heavy horses, breeding mares notice¬ 
ably weak in certain parts to a stallion 
weak in the same particulars, all tend to 
prevent any chance of uniformity. Each 
colt from such a cross is an accident, and 
two that look and are alike only happen 
once in a while. It is well to study the 
mares and decide what kind of stallion to 
use with each one, giving proper consid¬ 
eration to her weight, apparent breed, 
conformation, energy and disposition. 
The best colt I ever saw was foaled about 
one-half hour after, the mare was un¬ 
hitched from the plow. I believe the 
mare should be expected to do her share 
of work up to within two weeks of foal¬ 
ing, and commence at light work two 
weeks afterward, always protecting her 
against severe strains or slips. Steady 
work is good for mares otherwise well 
cared for. 
Markets Pay Well For Uniformity. 
—Breeding horses on the farm can be 
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her. Should the mare be weak in any 
particular such as weak feet or bone, 
she would best be bred to a stallion in the 
neighborhood who is especially strong in 
those characteristics. If a choice is to be 
had, and it usually is, use the strongest 
bone. This does not mean, however, to 
use the stallion having the coarsest bone. 
“Feathers” Are Undesirable. —For 
the heavier breeds of horses, stallions from 
the English Shire, Belgian, or Clydes¬ 
dale, may be used. The Belgian seems to 
be the most in favor in the United States 
to-day because of his good quality of bone 
and freedom from “feather,” which is so 
much in evidence on both the Clydes¬ 
dales and Shires. The United States 
markets discount rather heavily this large 
amount of “feather” which is the term 
used to designate the long hairs starting 
out at the knee and extending down to the 
fetlock joint. It is generally accepted by 
breeders that this feather indicates the 
class of bone which it covers. If the hair 
is soft and silky in texture, yet fine, it is 
taken as a corollary that the bone under 
it is dense, hard and clean. The converse . 
is also thought to be true. If these sup¬ 
positions are true, should the limb get in¬ 
jured, it would heal very slowly on a 
horse whose “feather” is coarse. How¬ 
ever good an indication the “feather” i3 
of the bone which lies under it, American 
breeders do not like it. Only 08 Clydes¬ 
dales were imported into the United 
States in 1913, according to the 1013 
yearbook of the Department of Agricul¬ 
ture. For some years back the American 
importers have been asking for a horse 
with fewer hairs on the legs, but the 
Scotch breeders paid no attention—they 
went right on in the old way without 
heeding the demands of the importers. 
Had they started breeding Clydes with 
small or no “feathers.” the demand would 
be just as strong for them to-day as it 
ever was. Another weak feature which 
the Clydesdales as a breed have is a long 
coupling. Most of them wabble as they 
walk and such a gait usually goes with 
poor hauling ability. 
Suit The Stallion' to The Mares.— 
In selecting a sire to use upon farm 
mares, it is well to be careful not to get 
too far away from the type which the 
mare approaches in her conformation. 
While it is necessary to establish uni¬ 
formity in the horses, this uniformity can¬ 
not be reached by even a single cross or 
made a paying business by keeping two 
teams of brood mares to do the work, and 
breeding them to a good stallion each 
year. Probably mares weighing from 
1,100 to 1,300 pounds are best suited for 
this purpose. For the breeder, however, 
the mares should be grades at least, of 
some good breed such as the Percherons. 
The “why” of the mares being grades is 
because the offering of colts will be more 
uniform and a well-matched team, will 
bring from $150 to $200 more than the 
same team, not matched. Such a sum as 
that is worthy of notice. Such mares 
might be bred to a purebred stall on of 
one of the draft breeds, preferably the 
same one as the mare. The colts from 
such a mating would match up well and 
bring a good price. A well matched team 
of heavy draft type always commands a 
good price, and their mothers, while do¬ 
ing the work on the farm, would furnish 
the basis for two such teams each year. 
The cost of raising such matched colts is 
no more than that of raising scrub colts 
Michigan. I. J. matiiews. 
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