847 
THE CULTIVATOR, 
worth of Bartletts. Another instance was mentioned 
where an old tree, growing in Western New-York, had 
annually yielded from 20 to SO dollars worth of pears, 
at two and a half dollars per bushel. An acre would 
admit one hundred such trees, aiid would yield annu¬ 
ally from two to three thousand dollars in fruit. The 
tree mentioned received no cultivation. Dr. Ward 
had obtained from forty trees of the Bartlett, which had 
been planted only seven years, and which had com¬ 
menced bearing three years afterwards,'an average of 
half a bushel per tree the present .season, and had sold 
them from four to six dollars per bushel. T. C. Max¬ 
well had trees of the Flemish Beauty seven years 
planted, and two years old when set out, that had borne 
two bushels each last year, .and over one bushel this. 
Ripening and Marketing Fruit. —All present who 
had tried the Flemish Beauty, had found it, (in com¬ 
mon with many other sorts,) greatly improved in flavor 
by picking a few days before maturity, and ripening 
within doors. This treatment had also been found ne¬ 
cessary by some on account of the liability of this pear 
to be blown off by the wind., P. Barry said that the 
treatment must be adapted to the peculiarities of the 
different sorts—that some pears of a soft melting cha¬ 
racter, such, for instance as the Flemish Beauty and 
Belle Lucrative, should be ripened in a cool room, or 
cool dry cellar, to prevent the process from being too 
rapid, and to avoid speedy decay. On the otfier hand, 
those of a harder or more gritty nature, needed a much 
warmer temperature. The observations of others cor¬ 
roborated this statement. A dark drawer had been 
found the best place for a pear to complete its ripening 
and to acquire its finest color. Whatever the tempera¬ 
ture might be, that is best adapted to the maturing pro¬ 
cess, preserving a uniformity, and avoiding changes, 
was regarded of great importance; and also that too 
dry atmosphere was unfavorable to the ripening of win¬ 
ter pears,'especially, which had to remain exposed to 
it a long time, and which, if they once became too dry, 
never could be made to soften by maturity. 
Winter Pears. —Gentlemen present being called 
upon to name the best winter pears, P. Barry express¬ 
ed his preference for the Laurence, Winter Nd's, and 
Easter Beurre. The Lawrence and Winter Nelis 
would ripen well in boxes in cellars, and the Easter 
Beurre was unquestionably the bast very late keeper, 
but should be always grown upon the quince. J. Bat- 
tey of Clinton co., named two, the Winkfeld and 
Winter Nelis ; J. J. Thomas selected the Winkfeld, 
Lawrence, Winter Nelis and Easter JBeurre; Dr. 
Wendell preferred the Winkfeld , Winter Nelis, and 
Easter Beurre on quir.ce. For exclusively raising 
on quince, P. Barry would prefer the Winkfeld , Glout 
Morceau, and Easter Beurre. A few gentlemen 
who were acquainted with the Doyenne gris dJ Hirer, 
regarded it as giving the highest promise of all the new 
winter sorts. —— 
Vineyards in California. —In Los Angelos coun¬ 
ty are 105 vineyards, containing 450,000 vines, each 
of which produces, on an average, five pounds of fruit. 
The grapes are of the most delicious quality. 
Fall and Spring Transplanting. 
CORRESPONDENT objects to the prac- 
jf tice of those “ who still continue in the old de¬ 
lusion that fall is the best time for transplant¬ 
ing trees”—stating that “some shrubs, and 
almost all plants, removed in the fall, when the sap, 
the great supporter of their life, has gone down into 
their roots, vegetation ceases in them, and they con¬ 
signed to a new cold soil, perhaps not a single fibre of 
the roots taking hold until spring, if indeed, detached 
almost if not entirely from all nourishment, any life 
remains, are destroyed by fall transportation. Fruit 
trees, being more hardy, bear up, but they are forever 
stricken,” &c. In the spring, “ if the dirt is wet, and 
packed solid round the roots, before they are dug, 
touching or injuring as few of the fibres and roots as 
possible, and carefully setting in their new bed, vege¬ 
tation goes straight on,” &c. 
We give this quotation for the sake of pointing out 
a very common error, namely, that the sap goes down 
into the roots to winter. Instead of this the sap per¬ 
vades usually all parts of a tree alike, and while cov¬ 
ered with leaves these keep up a constant 'drain or 
escape. When the leaves fall, although vegetation has 
ceased, the roots still absorb a small quantity, and as 
there is no escape through the leaves, the vessels of the 
tree gradually become filled or distended so that on 
the approach of warm weather, stimulating activity, 
the least wound is followed by a flow of the sap. As 
soon as the new leaves expand, as a general rule, this 
flow from incisions, ceases, in consequence of the drain 
afforded in another direction. 
Now it usually happens, that removing the tree in 
spring cuts off in a measure the supply from the roots 
at the very moment it is most wanted,—an evil quite 
as great as that resulting from any diminished supply 
in consequence of fall transplanting. Our correspond¬ 
ent speaks of the evil of “ a new, cold soil”—are we to 
understand from this that the plant has warmed the 
( bed in which it stood, and that it is chilled, like a hu¬ 
man being, by removal to a fresh bed? Is not the 
“new soil” as relatively cold in spring as in autumn? 
He speaks of life being “ destroyed by transporta¬ 
tion”—this must refer to.long distances ; yet trees may 
be sent thousands of miles, if well packed, with nearly 
or quite the safety attending their removal to the 
next ffirrn. Ample experience has proved this to tye 
true. Why are we not allowed to take the same pains 
in saving the roots and carrying the earth upon them, 
for autumn as well as for spring transplanting ? 
But throwing theory aside,—we have in the course of 
our practice set out many ten thousands of trees of va¬ 
rious sizes, both in autumn and in spring, and we are 
satisfied that more, by at least twenty-fold, depends on 
a good soil, careful work, and especially on the subse¬ 
quent culture, than on the season of the year; never¬ 
theless, if it were not for the liability to be thrown 
out or raised by frost, and the danger to half tender 
sorts from the cold of winter, we think the advantages 
