1915. 
THE RURAL NEW-YORKER 
39 
Ruralisms 
Chinese Chestnuts. 
T HE chestnut trees shown in Fig. 11, 
are especially interesting because 
the bark shows wounds, now healing, 
caused by the chestnut bark disease. 
These trees, figured in the annual list of 
the Office of Foreign Seed and Plant In¬ 
ti oduction, are growing near San Tun 
Ying, in North China. They are old 
trees, in a region where the chestnut 
bark disease has probably existed for cen¬ 
turies, and they thus show a high degree 
oil going to the bottom, and the water 
passes into a larger receptacle, where it 
is reserved for a subsequent operation. 
There is but a very small demand for 
true oil of wintergreen, since the oil from 
sweet birch, Betula lenta, and the syn¬ 
thetic oil made from phenol (carbolic 
acid) are essentially identical and much 
cheaper. l. e. w. 
Food Value of Fenugreek. 
HE seed of the fenugreek (Trigonella 
Foeuum-Grsecum) which grows in 
Algeria, is a highly nutritious food, 
the total protein alone in the flour 
amounting to over 36 per cent. The 
CHINESE CHESTNUT RECOVERING FROM ATTACK OF BARK 
BLIGHT. Fig. 11. 
of resistance, though not entire immu¬ 
nity. The nuts are large, and of fair 
quality, though not as sweet as Ameri¬ 
can. The tree is hardy, but not valu¬ 
able for timber, being only about 40 feet 
high, and low branching. Botanically it 
is Castanea mollissima. 
dried seed has 
pleasant odor. 
a bitter taste and an un- 
which latter is imparted 
Oil of Wintergreen. 
W HAT is the average price and meth¬ 
od of extraction of oil of winter¬ 
green from wintergreeen plants? I 
understand most of the wintergreen in 
use is really oil of birch. Is there a de¬ 
mand fo'r real oil of wintergreen? 
Burns, N. Y. c. f. r. 
Oil of wintergreen is obtained by dis¬ 
tillation of the wintergreen plant, Gaul- 
theria procumbens, with steam. Either 
the leaves or the entire plant may be em¬ 
ployed. The largest yield is obtained in 
the months of July and August. Chem¬ 
ically, the oil is composed almost entire¬ 
ly of methyl salicylate. This does not 
exist as such in the plant but is formed 
through the action of a ferment when the 
plant is brought in contact with water. 
Therefore it is customary to macerate 
the plant with water for 12 hours before 
distillation. In most modern stills the 
steam is generated in a separate boiler 
and passed into the still which latter is 
warmed by a steam jacket. The follow¬ 
ing description of a homemade still as 
it was used 'for the preparation of oil of 
wintergreen in Luzerne County, Penn¬ 
sylvania, in the eighties is taken from 
the U. S. Dispensatory (19th edition) : 
The still is generally a wooden box, 
about eight feet long, four feet wide, 
feet high, with a copper bottom 
stayed with bolts. The head of the 
is copper, and connecting with this 
circular worm of the same material or 
of tin, placed in a barrel. The still be¬ 
ing filled with wintergreen to within 
about 12 inches of the top, a sufficient 
quantity of water is added and this is 
allowed to macerate from 10 to 12 hours. 
The fire being started, the distillation 
commences, and continues for about 
eight hours; but during the first two or 
three hours ninety per cent, of the oil 
has passed over. For collecting the dis¬ 
tillate most of the distillers use a wide¬ 
mouthed bottle, fitted with a large cork 
having two holes. A small funnel is 
put into one of the holes, so that the 
beak is below the shoulder of the receiv¬ 
ing vessel, and connected with the other 
hole is a suitable pipe forming an out¬ 
let. The oil and the water separate, the 
to the perspiration of the user. This 
renders the food unusable by people of 
refined tastes. Neither objectionable 
property is present in the green plant nor 
in the fresh seed. During the process of 
sprouting the seeds lose their bad taste 
and odor, the Orientals take advantage of 
this by preparing their dishes from the 
sprouted seed. A French chemist has 
discovered that the taste and odor are de¬ 
veloped during the drying process through 
the action of an enzyme upon a taste¬ 
less and odorous substance; dui'ing the 
process of sprouting the process is prob¬ 
ably reversed. By subjecting the fresh 
seeds to the vapor of boiling alcohol the 
emzyme is killed and the seed rendered 
edible. It seems probable that fenugreek 
seed which has been sterilized by this or 
some equivalent process may become a 
standard food. L. E. \v. 
Lives of felines all remind us, 
Had we each nine lives apiece, 
What a mess we’d leave behind us 
On our ultimate decease. 
—Credit Lost. 
EMERSON 
Farm Tractor 
Model L—12-20 Horse Power 
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Healthy 
Trees 
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50 Church St., New York City 
•sS*”'** 
The Morrill & 
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Th© ECLIPSE Spray Pump 
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Catalog scot f xce, on . 
request. 
Morrill S Morlef 
Mfg. Co., Boi 4. 
Benton Harbor, Mich. 
Eclipse Spray Pum 
When you write advertisers mention The 
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Kill the Bugs and Blights 
300,000 farmers, orchardists, U. S. Ex¬ 
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increase the quantity and quality 
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40 Btyles—hand and power. No. 1 
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Get the FREE Guide 
Don’t 
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It ia easier to keep up than catch up It 
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Sprayed fruit Is good fruit, and Rood fruit 
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Bucket. Barrel Power 
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Our‘ ’Spray"booklet 
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build to larger uses 
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WRAY gpraylrt l 
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CHANDLEE & CHANDLEE, Patent Atty’a 
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four 
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NAME. 
ADDRESS. 
