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THE K UKAL .NEW-YORKER 
January :;o, 
NEW YORK STATE AGRICULTURAL 
SOCIETY. 
Pakt I. 
I T was the seventy-fifth annual meeting 
of the New York State Agricultural 
Society. The place was the Capitol 
at Albany, the date January 20 and 21. 
Usually the chief business of an annual 
meeting of such an organization is the 
election of officers. In this case it re¬ 
quired about 10 minutes to transact that 
important feature of the business. This 
was the result: President, John .T. Dil¬ 
lon, New York; vice-presidents. Mrs. 
Julian Heath, New A ork; Ezra A. Tut¬ 
tle, Eastport; Gilbert M. Tucker, Al¬ 
bany; C. Fred Boshart, Lowville; Wing 
tit. Smith. Syracuse; Samuel Fraser. Gen- 
eseo; Seth T. Bush, Rochester; F. N. 
Godfrey, Glean ; C. C. Mitchell, Pough¬ 
keepsie; secretary, Albert E. Brown, Ba¬ 
tavia ; treasurer, Harry B. Winters, Al¬ 
bany. 
The reports of the several standing 
committees were well-prepard papers cov¬ 
ering the subjects of legislation, mem¬ 
bership, transportation, agricultural re¬ 
sources, publicity, co-operation, etc. The 
committee on legislation recommended 
the consolidation of the Bureau of Co¬ 
operation and the new Department of 
Foods and Markets, on the ground that 
often their duties were the same and it is 
likely that a bill may be introduced in 
the Legislature to unify the work of the 
two departments. The committee also 
advised a State brand for all packages 
of apples sold as No. 1 grade, and State 
inspection at time of packing. There 
should also be a law requiring companies 
operating milk stations and creameries 
<o give patrons a weigh-bill each time 
milk is received on which should appear 
the name of the company, the name of 
the owner of the milk, the weight, and 
date of delivery. The committee recom¬ 
mended (lie creation of a Milk Price Com¬ 
mission. which was a reiteration of the 
recommendation of the legislation com¬ 
mittee last year. 
The committee on membership recom¬ 
mended wider publicity and a general 
campaign for membership that should ex¬ 
tend to every town in the State. The 
committee on marketing and transporta¬ 
tion. Ezra A. Tuttle, chairman, presented 
an exhaustive report which in general 
was a plea for the establishment of re¬ 
ceiving terminals in New York and the 
other large cities, but which in Greater 
New York should be located along the 
river front of the five boroughs. These 
buildings should be seven or eight stories 
in height with cold storage and general 
storage equipment. The top story should 
be devoted to the manufacture of surplus 
stock or goods liable to waste by deterio¬ 
ration. The terminals should not be used 
as retail markets. For retail purposes 
tin* city should be divided into districts 
containing from .‘50.000 to 50.000 popu¬ 
lation. and about the center of each dis¬ 
trict there should be located a large, con¬ 
venient department food store with every 
modern appliance and sanitary safeguard. 
Two years ago the State Food Investiga¬ 
tion flommission reported that with a 
proper system of food distribution the 
consumers of New York city would save 
from $50,000 to .$100,000 a year, or five 
times as much as it would cost to estab¬ 
lish a proper system of distribution. On 
a smaller scale the receiving terminal 
plan could be adapted to all cities. 
Coming to the set addresses of the meet¬ 
ing the subject of co-operation was largely 
in evidence. The general subject was ad¬ 
mirably covered by Dr. Beverley T. Gal¬ 
loway, of the State Agricultural College, 
who stated a fact in his opening para¬ 
graph on “Co-operation in Agriculture,” 
that cannot be overlooked in the study of 
the co-operation problem. These are his 
words: “The great pressure for action in 
the matter of securing changes in the 
present methods of distributing and mar¬ 
keting farm products has come not so 
much from the farmers themselves as 
from those who are non-producers and 
who are feeling the pinch of constantly 
increasing cost of living. There is a great 
ground swell of interest, almost anxiety, 
that the farmer should do something, or 
that something should be done for the 
farmer to relieve the present situation.” 
Then, discussing the attitude of the far¬ 
mer Dr. Galloway said that the farmer 
“fails to appreciate that the power to act 
independently and individually has been 
largely taken out of his hands and that 
his only hope is to get into the full cur¬ 
rent of economic progress. By all the 
rules of justice and by the law’s of eco¬ 
nomics,” continued the speaker, “the far¬ 
mer should be receiving to-day eight or 
10 times larger returns from the product 
of his labor than he did 40 or 50 years 
ago. but as a matter of fact he is not.” 
Dr. Galloway asserts that the efforts of 
Federal and State governments through 
legislation, have done as much to set 
back progress in the organization of agri¬ 
culture as almost any other one thing. 
T’he tendency is to force something down 
on the farmers from above rather than to 
build up a structure from below. He 
claims that the fundamental need at the 
present time is facts. The greatest per¬ 
manent progress is to come from the in¬ 
vestigative side rather than the instruc¬ 
tional. The College of Agriculture has or¬ 
ganized a Rural Community Service 
Committee which will investigate organ¬ 
ization as affecting the farmer’s income 
and then as affecting the well-being of 
rural life. Some of the things that make 
for success in co-operation are: (1) The 
motive must come largely from within 
and be allowed to work outw’ard. Little 
groups must first be organized and as 
they gain in confidence and power they 
may gradually extend their sphere of ac¬ 
tion and usefulness. (2) Co-operation 
will need to be fairly special in its ap¬ 
plication. Special subjects must offer 
common ground on which a group of men 
may work together for the benefit of all. 
The limiting factor will be the power and 
ability to standardize. An unstandardi- 
zable product is not capable of success¬ 
ful co-operative handling and marketing. 
CD Good business management is essen¬ 
tial. Any co-operative organization must 
realize that it is in the field to compete 
for business. Trained business leaders 
are needed for this field of activity. 
Mr. S. .T. Cook, of Silver Creek, man¬ 
ager of the South Shore Shippers’ Asso¬ 
ciation. of Chautauqua County, followed 
Dr. Galloway, and illustrated some of 
the points made by the latter, in concrete 
fashion, in relating some of the facts 
about the organization of his associa¬ 
tion. its methods of operation and the 
successes which it has achieved. The as¬ 
sociation did a business of over $238,000 
last year for something over 700 members 
of it. It shipped over 1,400 cars of pro¬ 
duce. of which tomatoes were by far the 
largest number. The members of the as¬ 
sociation are enthusiastic over the work 
of the association which, said the speaker, 
is one great secret of success in any co¬ 
operative enterprise. 
M. C. Burritt. director of the Farm 
Bureaus of the State, discussed the re¬ 
lation of the farm bureau to the co-oper¬ 
ative movement, and stated that the work 
of the bureau was largely educational and 
that county agents could not become the 
direct purchasing agent of any group of 
farmers, or have any connection in a 
financial way with any firm or organiza¬ 
tion in the matter of purchasing or sell¬ 
ing. In a small way the county agents 
have .assisted the farmers in forming 
what they call farmers’ exchanges in 
about 10 counties of the State, which 
have been the means of saving them con¬ 
siderable money. Some of the farm bu¬ 
reaus have been concerned in larger co¬ 
operative enterprises which they found 
already organized or were later organ¬ 
ized by outside agencies. Mr. Burritt 
argued that co-operation must originate 
with the co-operators and not with the 
stimulators of co-operation. It must be¬ 
gin with small groups and should spring 
up spontaneously and because of a real 
need in the community. 
“The Township School System” was 
the subject presented by Assistant Com¬ 
missioner of Education Thos. E. Finegan. 
His argument was largely in the form of 
an object lesson from lantern slides show¬ 
ing certain typical localities in the State 
where schools had teen consolidated, or 
sections where the districts could be ad¬ 
vantageously consolidated. His plan 
would do away with the present school 
districts, and make the township the unit 
of the school system. The advantages of 
the system would be better educational 
facilities and at no greater cost in most 
cases. J. w. d. 
Fertilizer Value of Night Soil. 
C AN you give the value of night soil 
contents of cesspools, to the land, its 
value as to fertilizing qualities? Is 
it better to let it lie in heap a year be¬ 
fore using? w. T. 
Ayer, Mass. 
The value of this material is usually 
over-rated. It depends upon the amount 
of water in it. Usually it is worth about 
half as much as ordinary stable manure. 
The best way to handle it is to pump it 
out and pour over a manure pile or com¬ 
post heap, or anything that will absorb 
and hold it. 
The Shahon Pea. 
S EVERAL people have written about 
the circular describing this pea. Some 
very remarkable statements are made 
regarding its value for the South. From 
the Georgia Experiment Station we have 
the following report: 
“It very much resembles some of the 
South American beans, the pod being 
about 27 to 30 inches in length, but with 
only an average of 17 or 18 peas or beans 
in the. pod. It grows a great deal of 
vine, and would be a valuable plant for 
green manures, but it is not a very suc¬ 
cessful plant for growing fruit. It 
gathers nitrogen from the air and the 
nodules double the number I have ever 
seen on any other plant. I am in doubt 
about the justice of charging $4 and $5 
per pound for the seed.” 
K. J. DE LOACH. 
Director. 
Late-Planted Pear.—I have tried 
the late planting of Telephone peas for 
a Fall crop, such as was reported by a 
reader some time since, and got good re¬ 
sults. The peas were planted about the 
first of last July, grew and fruited well 
and we had green peas till hard freezes 
killed them. The extreme drought in 
August and September checked the 
growth, but aside from that the experi¬ 
ment was a complete success, w. ii. s. 
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Full Potash 
in the 
Mapes Fertilizers 
for the 
Coming Season 
What the Hall-Mark is to 
Silver, Mapes has always 
been to Fertilizers—Sterling 
An Absolute Guarantee 
of Strength and Quality 
T HIS has always been so 
in the past. This is so to¬ 
day, even in these war 
times. We are giving the 
Mapes Manures, made up 
precisely as in the past, with 
full guaranteed contents of 
Potash, at but trifling ad¬ 
vances in price, $2.00 per ton 
on our high Potash brands, 
and $1.00 on the lower. 
Farmers familiar with the 
Potash situation and the 
prices it is bringing to-day 
can realize what this offer 
means to our friends and 
customers. 
Generations of the best 
farmers have said “Mapes is 
good enough for me.” If it 
was and is good enough for 
them under normal condi¬ 
tions, how much more it 
should be good enough for 
you in these times and with 
this offer. 
Write to us or our nearest 
agent for Pamphlets and 
prices. 
The 
Mapes Formula & Peruvian Guano 
Company 
Central Building, 143 Liberty Street, New York 
Branch: 239 State Street, Hartford, Conn. 
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