150 
A Straw-fence Wind-break. 
A T this season of the year, when ex¬ 
treme cold and high winds are doing 
much damage to our small fruit, straw¬ 
berries, henhouses, greenhouses, etc., and 
to stock required to be out of doors, 
much can he done to alleviate these con¬ 
ditions by erecting a wind-break fence 
at such points as will stop the strong cur¬ 
rents of air and prevent the accumulation 
of large banks of snow. Where such a 
fence is wanted only for a portion of the 
year, perhaps nothing is more practical 
than a straw fence, made by setting the 
posts in line from eight to 12 feet apart, 
using posts long enough to go in the 
ground one-third of their length, allow¬ 
ing them to run above ground the height 
the fence is desired, then stretch tightly 
a wire fence on which the wires average 
about four inches apart, and at the end 
post return back on the opposite side of 
the posts to the place of beginning, which 
will be seen leaves a space in the center 
of the fence equal to the diameter of 
the posts used, which should be at least 
one inch for every foot in heighth of the 
fence. 
Make a hopper as shown in the dia¬ 
gram, which should be at least two feet 
across the top and about four feet long, 
running down wedge-shape with an open¬ 
ing at the base four inches by four feet, 
with a piece of board four inches wide 
and about three feet long nailed on one 
end of the hopper, allowing it to run IS 
inches below, so that it can pass down 
between the wires to hold the hopper in 
place. The straw can be thrown by the 
forkful into the hopper, and with a piece 
of board about two feet longer than the 
height of the fence the straw can be 
packed down to the base in the space 
made by the double fence, and the more 
thorough the packing the better the 
fence will stand the high winds. 
CEO. WALLEN BECK. 
Tompkins Co., N. Y. 
WHAT IS HORSE POWER ? 
J UST what does horsepower mean as 
applied to an engine? If I buy a four- 
horsepower gasoline engine and apply 
the power to a loaded wagon will it .pull 
as large a load as four ordinary farm 
horses? >t. a. k. 
Elyria, Ohio. 
To measure the amount of work done 
by a force some unit must bo used in 
the same way that distances are meas¬ 
ured by the unit of length, the yard, 
or weights measured by the unit of 
weight, the pound. This unit of work 
has been fixed as the work required to 
lift one pound one foot high against the 
force of gravity, and is called the foot 
pound. Time is not considered and it 
makes no difference whether it has taken 
one hour or one day to do the work. The 
power user, however, is interested in the 
rate at which work is being done, and 
this is measured by another unit called 
the horsepower. The horsepower is 
equal to 33,000 foot pounds done in one 
minute. In other words, to develop one 
horsepower a motor must be able to lift 
33,000 pounds one foot high in a min¬ 
ute, and also must be able to continue 
this rate of work indefinitely. Horse¬ 
power is found by multiplying the pulling 
force in pounds by the speed in feet per 
minute and dividing this product by 33,- 
000. For instance a team pulling with a 
force of 400 pounds on a plow while 
walking at the rate of 2% miles per hour 
would be developing a certain horsepower 
which can be found as follows: (400), 
the pulling force in pounds, multiplied by 
(2.5x5280) 
THE RURAL NEW-YORKER 
is being developed or 2 2-3 horsepower. 
The computation can be made more sim¬ 
ple by arranging the quantities in a form 
suitable for cancellation as shown. 
400x5280x2.5 
January 30, 
33,000x00 
equals 2 2-3 horsepower. The 00 is 
placed below the dividing line because of 
the fact that the quantity expressed by 
5280x2.5 represents the distance in feet 
per hour. Before we can find the horse¬ 
power we must either have this rate of 
travel in terms of feet per minute or mul¬ 
tiply the 33,000 by 00 (the number of 
minutes in an hour) to get the number of 
foot pounds that would have to be done in 
an hour to equal a horsepower. As the 
rate is 33,000 foot pounds per minute, 
33,000x00 would equal the rate per hour. 
This horsepower unit is supposed to 
be based on the normal rate at which a 
1500 pound horse would do work, but 
it is very misleading because of the fact 
that the horse is a very flexible motor, 
i.e., he is capable of carrying extreme 
overloads for short periods of time. The 
horse is supposed to be able to do a 
day’s work of 10 hours while walking 
at the rate of 2% miles per hour and 
pulling with a force equal to one-tenth 
of his weight. While working at this 
rate a 1500-pound horse would develop 
one horsepower. In an emergency though 
he is able to put forth a great deal more 
effort—sometimes exerting one-half his 
weight for short periods of time and de¬ 
veloping far beyond his rated horsepower 
as it were. For very short periods of 
time a 1500-pound horse might be able 
to develop as much as five horsepower. 
Here is where the comparison between 
the gasoline engine and horse is weak. 
The term horsepower leads one to think in 
terms of tin* horse, when in reality the 
horse is developing more than a horse¬ 
power. To be able to care for these over¬ 
loads that are constantly occurring, a 
gasoline engine must be able to care for 
the heaviest load that may be put upon 
it. It has no means of suddenly increas¬ 
ing its power output as has a horse. 
While a good gasoline engine will de¬ 
velop its full rated horsepower or bet¬ 
ter, it cannot be expected to handle the 
overloads that a horse will; its power 
output is not so flexible. 
Another thing that makes this power 
unit misleading is the fact that when 
working a heavy team on a tread power, 
the power is usually set at such a steep 
angle that considerably over two horse¬ 
power is developed, and a buyer is dis¬ 
appointed if a two horsepower engine 
fails to do the same work when possibly 
the team was developing as much as four 
horsepower when working on the tread 
power. 
The power in a gasoline engine is pro¬ 
duced by a series of explosions occur- 
ring within the cylinder. In the common 
farm engine there can be but one explo¬ 
sion for every two revolutions of the bal¬ 
ance wheels, hence it follows that if an 
overload occurs that tends to slow down 
the engine there will be fewer explo¬ 
sions per minute and the power will be 
lessened—the slower the engine runs the 
less power there will be developed until 
it stops. 
When used as a tractive force a four 
horsepower engine should not be expected 
to pull as much as four good horses. A 
traction engine never has as much liorse- 
power at (he draw-bar as it has at the 
belt because of the fact that a certain 
amount of power is consumed in moving 
itself about. The main reason, though, 
that a four horsepower engine could not 
be expected to draw as much as four 
horses is the fact that four horses might 
develop from 12 to 20 horsepower in a 
pinch, such as a short, steep grade,.while 
the engine with its continuous output of 
four horsepower would be stalled because 
of no reserve force to fall back upon. 
This is not saying anything against the 
gasoline engine however, for when proper¬ 
ly used it makes an almost ideal power 
for the farmer, furnishing power at a 
very low cost. Robert ir. smith. 
Canton Agricultural School. 
GO 
the distance in feet per minute, equals 
the foot pounds of work that are being 
done in one minute. Dividing this pro¬ 
duct by 33,000 gives the horsepower that 
fewiiliiMpipiiip 
,0^th:e'r;Sjzes'Prop6rE; 
TCnqine has never 
failed, its owners. Me Beth 
Jallas , Garden City, Kansas 
V/, w © 
Engines 
L ET me send 
you a WITTE 
ENGINE to earn its 
cost while you pay 
lor it. It’s cheaper 
than doing without 
one. 
Ed. H. Witte. 
terms Kerosene, Gasoline & Gas 
Sold Only Direct from Factory to User. No matter where you 
live or what work you have that can be hitched to a belt, you can own a 
WITTE to better advantage than any other engine. Sizes are 2, 4, 6, 
8, 12,16 and 22 Horse-Power. Styles, Stationary, Portable, Skidded 
and Saw-rigs. Over 27 years in the lead in engine-quality. 
Better now than ever, with prices that can’t be beat. 
No need now to do without a good engine, or to take chance on a 
poor or unknown one, to get a low price. The Witte fills the bill. 
Fnnn flnnlr I furnish highest standard engines for . 
1"1 j rI to DUIFH prices less than asked for rattle-traps. 
My Free Book explains the inside of engine selling as i 
well as manufacturing. Write today for my Sales 
Plan with Easy Terms. UUdl d fl |X|V ||, 
F,d. H. Witte. Witte Iron Works Co„ rcC- • rWnkiliU, 
1896 Oakland Av., Kansas City, Mo. LIT ICietlCy and Durability 
—■*/ 
You will never 
know the meaning of real 
engine economy and efficiency 
until you study the quiet, smooth, easy 
running features of 
LAUSON FROST KING 
Gasoline and Oil Engines 
There are more drop forged and case hardened parts on Lauson Frost King 
Engines than any other. This means an engine as accurate in adjustment, and 
therefore as economical after five years’ use as when new. The Lauson Frost 
King is built up to a standard, not down to a price. They cost a little more 
than some others to start with.but a great deal less in the long: run. ^ The Frost King trade-mark 
on an engine is a warranty of lon^, satisfactory service. 
Guaranteed—We absolutely guarantee Lauson Frost 
King: Fngincs to make good on every claim we make for 
them; also as to workmanship and material. 
Write NOW for Free IJook: "The Power that Packs 
the Modern Farmer” and name of nearest dealer who 
will be glad to give you a demonstration of the Frost arvoc-sr— 
King without obligation on your part. In writing us, 
state size engine you need. /fcr/\ h T 
The John Lauson Mfg. Co. 
218 N. W. Street 
NEW HOLSTEIN, WIS. 
1 
2 to 50 
H. P. 
All Types 
Get a . 
Good Engine 
First 
Avoid trouble, repair expense, high fuel 
cost. A good engine saves time, money 
and hired men. A poor engine causes 
annoyance and costs more in the end. 
There is no economy in a scrap heap; 
neither is there in a poor engine. 
Gasoline Engines 
with their strong, carefully fitted adjustable parts, 
are economical in the use of gas, gasoline or kero¬ 
sene. Develop more power than rated. Start easily 
and run smoothly. Simple, so that a boy can run 
one. Made in Portable Semi-portable and Station- 
laLV— 2!-S JLD. to 30 11. 1*. 
1 Every part guaranteed lor five years in writing. 
Send for catalog and Free Engineering lessons. 
^ Address Christensen Enoineerino Co. 
Milwaukee, Wis., or 
J. B. NORTON CO., Inc. 
Distributors 
209 ELIZABETH STREET 
_ UTICA, N. Y. 
CENTURY 
ROOFING 
EXCELSIOR ENGINES 
For Fcrm or Factory 
1 TO 
too 
H. P. 
CATALOG FREE 
PORTABLE OR 
STATIONARY 
EASY 
TERMS 
TO 
RELIABLE 
PEOPLE 
Tell us the size of your farm and how big an 
engine you need and get our offer. Write to¬ 
day for catalog and other information. 
R. CONSOLIDATED GASOLINE ENGINE CO. 
202 Fulton Street New York City 
Contury Rubber Roofing, 
best roofing made, GUAR¬ 
ANTEED 15, 20 and 25 
years, laid down at your 
railroail station at lowest 
wholesale prices. 
Price per rot I, FREIGHT 1-ply 
PAIDon 3 rolls or mors 35 lb. 
N.Y., Pa.,0.,N.J. AMd.J1.IO- 
Mb&s.Vo. AW. Va. - 11*16 
WHOLESALE 
PRICES 
2-ply 3-ply 
46 1b. 561b. 
SI. 30-51.50 
SI.35—SI.60 
SAVE 254 to 40%. No mill ends. Every roll ONE 
PIECE, 108 sq. ft. Satisfaction or money back. 
CENTURY MEG. CO. 
904RX Tribune Bldg., New York, N. Y. 
121E Katherine Bldg. East St. Louis, Ill, 
Write for FREE buggy catalog. 
St’s easy 
to gar¬ 
den with 
Iron Age 
tools. 
'IRQHMl 
WHEEL HOES 
AND DRILLS 
“It’s all wrong.” said the man with 
the red nose and a doleful manner of 
speech. “All wrong.” “What’s the trou¬ 
ble?” “The music in my neighborhood 
has driven me to drink. And now they’re 
going to put additional taxes on the 
drink and let the cornet, the piano, and 
the bass drum that did the damage go 
free !”—Washington Star. 
No.6 
Drill 
and 
Wheel 
Hoe 
mean a big variety of 
fine vegetables, with 
drudgery - stooping, 
hoeing and hand-weed- 
_ ing cut out. 
In one operation tho tool nhown below will open ita own 
furrow, how in eontinuouH rows or drop in hilla, cover tho 
bend with looso soil, pack it with roller, and mark 
tho next row. A boy can do it. A three min- 
utoB* ch an fire and you have a wheel hoc culti¬ 
vator that can't be beaten. 38 combinations 
at $2.00 to $12.00. Straight planting ; 
clean, close, safe cultivation. Auk your 
dealer to show them. 
Write us today for free booklet 
* Gardening: With Modern Tools." 
BATEMAN 
M’F’G CO. 
Box 212 
Grenloch, N.J. 
Immense Power! longest Service! 
Engines built for honest, econom¬ 
ical service. Sizes suitable for all 
purposes. 
GEISER 
Peerless Engines 
especially designed for heavy draft. Use either 
wood or coal as fuel. Every part extra strong. 
Equipped with antifriction bearings. Easily doc3 
work on which many engines of larger advertised 
ratings fail. Learn tho many reasons why a 
Geiser Peerless Engine will prove profitable for you. 
Write for Free Book 
Emerson-Brantingham Implement Co. (Inc.) 
919 W. Iron St., Rockford, III. 42654 
Our misfortune is your good fortune. I 
The war lias cut olf our foreign trade. Wei 
must turn our engines intended for foreign! 
shipment into cash. Stock includes all sixes I 
from 1 to 12 H. IV. in ado of high grade I 
materials and fully guaranteed.! 
Prices aro cut to practically cost. Tsoi 
\ H. 1*. price named in this ad is aj 
atypical example. Details and corn-f 
I] pleto prioo lint mailed on request. 
' AMERICAN ENGINE CO. 
_ GOB Ronton St., Detroit, Mich. J 
Wlien you write advertisers mention The 
Rural New-Yorker and you’ll get a quick 
reply and a "square deal.” See guarantee 
editorial page. :::::: 
