THE RURAL NEW-YORKER 
February 1 
216 
WESTERN NEW YORK HORTICULTURAL 
SOCIETY. 
Part I. 
N ew ideas in spraying. — 
Nearly all of the 1.500 members of 
the old society were present, and filled 
Convention Hall in Rochester at its six¬ 
tieth annual meeting January 27-29. 
No change was made in the principal 
officers. Mr. Bari'y and Mr. Ilall, as it 
was expected, were re-elected president 
and secretary. The exhibitors seemed to 
be all there that were at the Fruit 
Growers’ meeting two weeks earlier at 
Exposition Park, and more besides. The 
description of the New York State Fruit 
Growers’ Convention given by the writer 
in The It. N.-Y. will apply to that of 
the Western New York Horticultural 
Society, except that the exhibit of fruit 
was larger, and included pears and 
grapes. The New York Experiment Sta¬ 
tion duplicated its exhibit. The features 
of the great convention were the ad¬ 
dresses on the new sprays and spraying 
methods, i. e.. the dust spray of lime and 
sulphur in place of lime-sulphur wash, 
and a spraying solution of carbolic acid 
and soap to take the place of nearly all 
sprays. If these have the value claimed 
by their advocates the whole spraying 
business is to be revolutionized, and a 
new epoch in plant pathology is in sight; 
wideawake fruit growers will no longer 
fear destructive insect life. 
Tjie President’s Address. —The meet¬ 
ing was opened Wednesday morning with 
President Barry’s annual address. The 
following are some of his points: The 
outlook is decidedly encouraging, despite 
the fact that for some years to come, the 
Eastern apple must come into competi¬ 
tion with that grown in the West, which 
'■xeels it in size and color, but is de¬ 
ficient in flavor. The public must be 
educated to this difference, and the ap¬ 
pearance of the Eastern apple must be 
improved by greater attention to spray¬ 
ing and grading. He predicted that the 
price of New York apples would rise 
steadily, and that the grower would be 
able to sell his grade A apples for $4 a 
barrel within the course of a few years. 
He also recommended that every family 
cellar should have its storage compart¬ 
ment, and that from three to 10 barrels 
of apples should be laid in for family 
use during the Winter. The use of the 
mechanical grader, the problem of over¬ 
production, and the necessity for sys¬ 
tematic advertising of the apple as food, 
were other questions touched on by Pres¬ 
ident Barry. lie said there were now 
a million and a half barrels of apples 
stored in the vicinity of Rochester. That 
this is so and that the orchard acreage 
in Western New York has extended until 
it seems almost without equal, are due 
largely to the efforts of the society, and, 
it shows also the great increase in 
knowledge and enthusiasm on the part of 
the fruit growers of the State. 
Agricultural Fallacies. — In a 
paper read by Dr. Jordan on “Some 
Agricultural Fallacies,” he said the coun¬ 
try would long ago have felt the grip of 
agricultural monopoly, if it were as easy 
to develop an agricultural trust as it is 
to form a coal or an iron, or a banking 
trust, and we would long ago have had 
an agricultural octopus, tentacles and 
all, if such an organization were as easy 
to form as other trusts. The avaricious 
spirit isn’t confined to one class of people. 
Some of our publicists appear to think 
that upon the farmer is laid the patriotic 
duty of providing the industrial worker 
with a full dinner and prosperous condi¬ 
tions, no matter what happens to the 
farmer’s own table, even to the extent 
of depleting his own resources. There 
has been more or less of a disposition to 
exploit the farmer for the benefit of other 
classes. What is needed is the construc- 
live, and not the palliative. Our col¬ 
lege of agriculture and our schools 
of farming already have an estab¬ 
lished place of great usefulness but 
they don’t go far enough, '"he most im¬ 
portant function that the college of agri¬ 
culture will perform is the training of 
young men and women for leadership in 
the agricultural field. It is as true in the 
country as in the city tha the home is 
the dominant social and moral influence. 
I believe that, notwithstanding some 
ominous clouds on the horizon of human 
thought, the devotion and sound sense 
of the farm wives and mothers will be 
imparted to the daughters of to-day. 
Nitrates and Sod.—I n Prof. T. Lyt- 
tleton Lyon’s address on “The Formation 
of Nitrates in Soil Under Grass,” he 
said: “Nitrates are so important a food 
material for trees that anything that 
would curtail the supply would greatly 
affect the growth and bearing of the 
trees. Recently considerable data has 
been presented which indicates that the 
supply of nitrogen in the soil and its 
presence in the form of nitrate is an 
important factor in the growth and bear¬ 
ing of apple trees. There can be little 
doubt that grass exerts a depressing ef¬ 
fect on nitrate formation on soil, and it 
is possible that, this may be a factor in 
the injurious action that grass often 
exerts in orchards. All plants with 
which we have experimented appear to 
have a depressing influence on nitrate 
formation during the latter stages of 
their growth. Even after growth ceases 
nitrification does not proceed freely until 
after the land is plowed or otherwise 
aerated. Thep the organisms immedi¬ 
ately become active, and if no crops are 
on the ground, nitrates accumulate 
rapidly. Any system of orchard manage¬ 
ment that involves the annual stirring of 
the soil would, therefore, encourage 
nitrate formation during a part of the 
year, and as the crop will not have begun 
to depress nitrification until it has made 
some growth, nitrates will be present at 
a time when the trees need them. It is 
doubtful whether leguminous crops are 
much better than grass unless the soil 
is plowed annually. Determinations of 
nitrates under Alfalfa, as compared with 
Timothy when both crops had been grow¬ 
ing continuously on the same land for 
several years, did not show much differ¬ 
ence in the quality present, owing, doubt¬ 
less, to the greater absorption of nitrates 
by the legume. A determination of the 
nitrifying power of the soil when the 
crops were removed showed that the Al¬ 
falfa producing soil "-as much more 
active in that respect. It may be as¬ 
sumed, therefore, that if the land were 
plowed annually a legume would be pre¬ 
ferable to grass and probably to most 
other crops in respect to the soil supply 
of nitrates. There are other ways in 
which grass may possibly have an in¬ 
jurious influence on fruit trees. A very 
obvious one is the removal of moisture. 
A hay crop removes from the soil as 
much water as does a crop of small grain. 
In a dry season it. is conceivable that the 
natural supply of soil moisture would 
not be sufficient for both crops unless 
there were seepage from a side hill or 
a subsurface supply of some kind.” 
Carbolic Emulsion for Aphids.—H. 
AY. Lasher of Rochester, read a paper 
on “Experience with a New Formula 
for Aphids and Other Insects.” lie 
combines a formula of 100 gallons of 
water, 15 pounds of soap, one pint of 
crude carbolic acid. This is for nearly 
all insects that infest the orchard, and 
is much cheaper than other sprays. It 
will kill rose-bugs, aphis, and most forms 
of insect life that infest fruit trees. By 
adding soluble sulphur to the formula 
it will control the fungus. The formula 
is known as the Babcock-La slier formula, 
it being discovered by these two fruit 
growers, whose orchards are near Roches¬ 
ter. Mr. Babcock followed the reading 
of Mr. Lasher’s paper with an account 
of the discovery of their formula, and 
his testimony of its effectiveness on his 
own orchard, for insect diseases, includ¬ 
ing San Jose scale. The time for spray¬ 
ing apple trees for most insects is just 
as the bud is opening, as egg masses are 
softer then, and he sprayed only once 
with the semi-dormant spray of 100 gal¬ 
lons water, 15 pounds of whale-oil soap, 
and one pint of crude carbolic acid. It 
is not possible to combine carbolic acid 
with lime and sulphur. In answer to a 
question Mr. Lasher said that if we can 
control the egg mass that winters over 
we will prevent subsequent development. 
If it is necessary to repeat spraying, he 
would use the same formula. 
Prof. Parrott On Spraying. —Prof. 
Parrott read a paper on “Insects Affect¬ 
ing the Production and Grading of 
Fruit.” He said a partial solution of 
the fruit growers’ problem of marketing 
is to improve spraying practice. Injuri¬ 
ous insects are responsible for great re¬ 
duction in financial returns. Failure to 
maintain a high level of spraying prac¬ 
tice may neutralize, if not destroy, the 
benefits from other standard operations, 
as pruning, thinning, cultivation, etc. 
The objection to further extension of 
spraying by most orchardists is that of 
cost. A study of the several orchards 
under Experiment Station control, sug¬ 
gests that the problem is not so much 
a matter of cost as of time, to avoid 
neglecting other work. One orchard 
under the control of the Station has 
yielded during the last decennum a net 
profit of $120.60 per acre for spraying. 
In the items of expense in growing a 
barrel of apples, spraying was only one 
and one-half per cent, of the whole cost. 
It is to be hoped that the efforts to de¬ 
velop the efficiency of the dust spray 
for apple scab will reduce the cost of 
spraying. 
overproduction. —Dr. L. II. Bailey 
spoke on “Are AVe to Have an Over¬ 
production of Fruit?” He said he could 
not answer the question, but only dis¬ 
cuss it. AA'e need to provide for at least 
an annual increase of two per cent, of 
the population. A five per cent, increase 
of orchard planting will hardly meet 
this increase of population and provide 
for the deterioration of old orchards. 
There seems to be data to prove that 
there is an increase of apple consump¬ 
tion per capita in the country. Apple 
planting in the Far AA'est will not greatly 
modify the whole situation, as much of 
the products will be consumed in the 
AVesL An over-supply in the AVest will 
check planting until the supply is normal. 
The influence of the war will deter the 
planting of apple trees in some foreign 
countries. New Zealand has special ad¬ 
vantages for apple growing, yet South 
America will absorb all their product. 
On the whole his forecast of the future 
is that there is little danger of an over¬ 
supply in the future. The hope of the 
future is the development of better com¬ 
mercial methods of production and mar¬ 
keting, and especially marketing. w. n. j. 
When you write advertisers mention The R. 
N.-Y. and you’ll get a quick reply and a 
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