4 CO 
r I I K KURAL, N EW-YORKKR 
March 20, 
Water Supply for Ice Pond. 
Is a four-inch stream of water large 
enough to supply a small pond with water 
for cutting ice? It is my idea that by build¬ 
ing <ti tight dam this water, together with 
surmce water, will be a sufficient supply. 
If so what kind of dam should I build? 
Tt need not be over five feet high at any 
place. F. c. w. 
Richfield, N. Y. 
As the amount of water discharged 
from a pipe in a given length of time is 
dependent upon the rate of flow or vel¬ 
ocity as well as the size of the pipe it 
is impossible to tell just how much water 
F. C. W. has at his command. The num¬ 
ber of gallons of water discharged by a 
pipe per minute is found by multiplying 
the area of the opening (in square inch¬ 
es) by the velocity (expressed in inches 
per minute) and dividing the product by 
231. The product first obtained is the 
amount of water discharged from the pipe 
per minute in cubic inches. Dividing by 
231 (the number of cubic inches in a 
gallon) reduces this number to gallons. 
We will suppose in this case a velocity 
of 10 feet per minute, which is not high, 
and to make the work more clear describe 
it as follows: Suppose a tomato can, or 
something similar, that will loosely fit the 
inside of the four-inch pipe mentioned by 
F. O. W., has been inserted at the top 
and is moving down through the pipe 
with the water at the rate of 10 feet per 
minute. We will suppose that at the 
time our experiment is started the can is 
at a point just. 10 feet from the lower 
end of the pipe. If it continues its pres¬ 
ent rate of travel it will reach the end 
in one minute. During this time a cyl¬ 
inder of water has passed out of the pipe 
before it that is equal in diameter to the 
inside of the pipe and 10 feet or 120 
inches long. The contents of a cylinder are 
equal to 3.1416 x the radius squared x the 
height, or in this case 3.1416x2x2x120 
equals 1507.968 cubic inches. Dividing 
this product by 231 to reduce it to gal¬ 
lons we get 6.5 plus as the number of 
gallons discharged per minute at this sup¬ 
posed rate of flow. If the rate of flow 
had been 20 feet per minute instead of 
10 we would have 13 gallons instead of 
the 6.5 obtained at the present rate of 
flow. With the above as a guide it 
should be easy for F. C. W. to gauge his 
water supply quite closely. 
The amount of water needed for a pond 
of this kind is not great. A pond with j 
an effective cutting area of 700 square j 
feet is usually ample in size for the 
average farm. Thirty-five square feet j 
will cut about one ton of ice when it is 
of best quality and one foot in thickness. 
Consequently a pond of the above size ; 
will cut about 20 tons at one cutting. In 
figuring the capacity of ice-houses it is 
customary to allow from 42 to 50 cubic 
feet per ton because of unavoidable open¬ 
ings left when packing and also to make 
room for the packing material. A pond 
of this effective cutting area will contain 
about 3763 cubic feet supposing it to be 
four feet in depth and allowing for slop¬ 
ing sides, and would require a period of 
4330 minutes, or a little over three days 
ro fill. This is assuming that there are 
no leaks and no loss from evaporation. 
Much will depend upon the character 
.<f the soil where the pond is located. If 
loose and open there will be considerable 
loss through seepage. This can be 
stopped to a great extent however by 
hauling clay and spreading it over the 
bottom and sides of the pond and then 
thoroughly wetting and puddling it to 
close up the pore space and make it 
water-tight. Probably the best dam is 
ne made from concrete. This should 
be placed in a trench to prevent the seep¬ 
age of water under it and a reinforcement 
of woven wire placed near the down¬ 
stream side will add much to its strength. 
Hand books put out by the various ce¬ 
ment manufacturers give reliable informa¬ 
tion along this line. The dam should 
have a spill-way to carry ' away the 
waste water, preventing it from under¬ 
mining the dam, and should also be pro¬ 
vided with a suitable means of emptying 
rhe pond. During the Summer the pond 
can be drained and allowed to fill with 
fresh water during the Fall rains. This 
prevents the growth of water weeds and 
the slimy deposits customary to shallow 
ponds. In choosing the site for the dam 
select a place where a wide, shallow 
pond will result. Area is what is want¬ 
ed rather than depth. Any depth over 
that necessary for convenient cutting is a 
i 
waste. It seems that if this water is 
carefully handled and conserved that a 
small ice pond can be supplied from it 
and if ice now has to be hauled any 
great distance is well worth trying. 
r. H. s. 
Concrete Air Pressure Tanks. 
We are constantly being asked if con¬ 
crete cannot be safely used in building 
the tanks used in air pressure water sys¬ 
tems. Our advice has been against such 
use, but some readers say concrete will 
answer. The manufacturers of these sys¬ 
tems say “steel by all means.” We now 
have this statement from the Association 
of Portland Cement Manufacturers: 
After fully investigating this subject 
we do not advocate the use of reinforced 
concrete tanks for this purpose, our main 
reason being that for such high pressures 
as the tanks would be subjected to if 
used in an air-pressure system it would 
be necessary to use an excessive amount 
of steel reinforcing, which would make 
the fabrication of the tank probably more 
expensive than a steel tank. There is 
also danger that slight cracks would 
form, due to poor workmanship or ex¬ 
cessive elongation of the reinforcing steel. 
This would destroy the usefulness of the 
tank by permitting the air to escape. For 
this use steel tanks are very often used 
and the inside of the tank is plastered 
with a thickness of cement mortar, which 
protects the steel from corrosion, while 
the steel itself prevents the escape of the 
air pressure. F,. K. horciiap.d. 
Paint for an Old Building. 
I HAVE two barns which have never 
been painted, and I wish to paint them 
this Spring. What is the most eco¬ 
nomical way in which to paint them? 
Sodus, N. Y. c. F. S. 
A good red paint for old barns or for 
rough board buildings may be made from 
crude oil and A'enetian red. Do not get 
a dark oil, get one as light in color as 
possible, and get a bright lively Vene¬ 
tian red. The mixture will make a good 
barn paint, and it has done good ser¬ 
vice on old buildings for some years. The 
dark crude oil or the dark Venetian red, 
or both dark, produces a dark, dull, un¬ 
pleasing paint. Pennsylvania or New 
York oil is better than heavy lubricating 
oil. This must be used on rough boards; 
will wash off on surfaced lumber. A 
barn painted 35 years ago is looking well 
yet. Prepare the mixture 24 hours be¬ 
fore application, stir often while apply¬ 
ing. It is the cheapest and best for the 
purpose. 
A TEA< her had told a class of juve¬ 
nile pupils that Milton, the poet, was 
blind. The next day she asked if any 
of them could remember what Milton’s 
great affliction was. “Yes’m,” replied 
one little fellow; “he was a poet.”—Ar¬ 
gonaut. 
“Now, children,” said the teacher, 
“who can tell me what the word ‘odor¬ 
less’ means?” Willie Jones was sure he 
knew. “Well, Willie, what does it 
mean?” “Odorless means without scent,” 
he piped. “Right. Now who can give a 
sentence using the word correctly?” con¬ 
tinued the teacher. “You may answer, 
Jimmy.” “Please, ma’am, when you are 
odorless you cannot ride in the trolley 
cars.”—Credit Rost. 
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■ iRetter Farm 
(Im¬ 
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