THE KUKA Lv NEW-YOKKEK 
727 
Farm Water Problems 
Pump Away from Well. 
Can I use a pitcher spout pump as 
follows? Well is 20 feet deep and 30 
feet from where I want the pump lo¬ 
cated. I want pump in barn and well 
on nearly same level is 30 feet away. 
Would it work if only 15 feet from 
pump to well? h. H. 
Sinclairville, N. Y. 
The pitcher pump is a suction pump 
adapted only to shallow lifts. By refer¬ 
ring to a former article on “Why the 
Pump Sucks” the reason for this is 
made clear. A suction pump lifts the 
water by exhausting the air over it, the 
atmospheric pressure then being great¬ 
er outside of the pipe than the pressure 
in the partial vacuum created in the 
cylinder, water is forced up into the pipe. 
The water is lifted by the pressure of the 
air. consequently there is a limit to the 
height to which it can be raised, atmos¬ 
pheric pressure being only about 14.7 
pounds per square inch under ordinary 
A Problem in Pumping. Fig. 26" 7 . 
conditions. It has been found that this 
will support a column of water about 
34 feet in height, but in actual practice 
it should never be called upon to lift the 
water to a greater height than from 25 
to 2S feet, and a lesser lift is desirable. 
This means that the top of the cylinder 
should not be more than this distance 
above the surface of the water when the 
water is at its lowest level. As the cyl¬ 
inder of the pitcher pump is at the very 
top, the spout discharging directly from 
it, it is readily seen that it cannot be 
used in as deep a well as the ordinary 
suction pump in which the cylinder is 
placed well down in the well. 
There are other reasons why a pitcher 
pump should not be used on too great a 
lift. Being designed for short lifts, they 
are usually of too light construction to 
stand much hard work, and the lever or 
pump handle is so short that they work 
bard under a long lift. Then to, to work 
well on a long lift a pump should have 
a long stroke so that the flow of water 
through it is slower, giving the cylinder 
time to fill under the reduced pressure. 
Because of the facts mentioned above a 
local hardware dealer tells me that he 
never installs a pump of this kind where 
the lift is much above 15 feet if he can 
help it. 
In the sketch shown Fig. 266 the ver¬ 
tical distance from the bottom of the 
wrll to the top of the cylinder is about 
26 feet, showing it to be about the work¬ 
ing limit in height for a suction pump; 
the pump would deliver water but could 
not be expected to work easily or to 
pump as fast as it would if used on a 
lower lift. Although H. II. does not say 
so, it is probable that there are from six 
to eight feet of water in the well which 
would reduce the lift by that amount. 
If, however, the depth shown refers to 
the level at which the water now stands, 
I would not advise the use of this pump, 
as the lift would be near the limit to 
start with, and would be increased as 
the water was pumped down. 
If this is the case a dry well could be 
sunk in which an ordinary suction pump 
could be installed as shown in the sec¬ 
ond cut. This brings the cylinder down 
to within a practical working distance 
of the water. This would also furnish 
a means of protecting the pump against 
freezing; the well could be dug deep 
enough to get the cylinder below frost 
and a small vent tapped into the pipe 
just above it, allowing the pump to 
drain down to this point when not in 
use. To drain the pitcher pump the 
pipe should have a slight “pitch” back 
to the well; then by lifting the handle 
to its extreme height, the valves can be 
tripped and the water in the pipes dis¬ 
charged back into the well. A foot valve 
at the bottom of the pipe would be an 
advantage in pumping, but should be pro¬ 
vided with some means of opening in cold 
weather unless the pump and pipe is so 
located that there is no danger from 
freezing. 
' It will be seen by referring to the 
sketches that although the water is dis¬ 
charged at the same distance above the 
bottom of the well in each case (26 feet), 
by using the dry well the suction lift is 
reduced to 16 feet as against 26 feet in 
the case of the pitcher pump. If the 
water level is at the point indicated, the 
lift would be reduced by eight feet in each 
case. k. ti. s. 
Concrete Cistern. 
Will E. J. W. (page 1237) tell all 
about construction of cistern, proportions 
of sand, gravel, cement, consistency of 
mixture, construction of casing, cover, 
etc. To 100 pounds cement is the 10 
pounds hydrated lime dry or wet? r. 
In constructing cistern outlined on 
page 1237 concrete used was of 1-3-6 mix¬ 
ture, using good sharp clean sand and 
crushed limestone, size of small hickory 
nut and under, though I do not think 
the kind of stone would have much to do 
with it, the main consideration being care 
to see that the work is done in a thor¬ 
ough manner. The hydrated lime is add¬ 
ed to the dry materials and all mixed 
thoroughly before water is applied, then 
add water and mix thoroughly until the 
mixture is so sloppy you can pour it out 
of a bucket. We aimed to make mixture 
of such consistency that in tamping, the 
tamper would freely enter into the mix¬ 
ture a foot or more, completely around 
forms. 
Our subsoil is heavy stiff clay; we ex¬ 
cavated to proper size, cutting banks 
down smooth, and true, then placed bot¬ 
tom layer four inches deep. After this 
had set partially or hard enough to step 
on without sinking into concrete boards 
were set on edge entire way around hole, 
four inches from banks on all sides. It is 
necessary to place heavy timber upright 
about every three feet along each side. 
We used 3x4 hemlock and some old 
heavier timbers on hand. Be careful to 
brace each upright across space to a cor¬ 
responding upright on opposite side se¬ 
curely, as concrete made very thin exerts 
a strong pressure against casing. The 
boards used can be set between uprights 
and banks as concrete is filled in. If care 
is used you will have an absolutely water¬ 
tight job, that will be permanent, and re¬ 
quire no farther attention. We construct 
a wooden roof over our cistern, though a 
concrete cover could easily be used mak¬ 
ing the job permanent in all respects. If 
any portion of sides extend above ground 
reinforcing material will have to be 
placed in corners and at sides. In this 
case a circular cistern would be best as 
pressure would be equal at all points. 
Fables for such work, also for reinforcing 
needed in roof can be found in publica¬ 
tions issued by the cement manufacturers 
advertising in Tiie It. N.-Y. and usually 
sent free, or can be obtained of your 
dealer handling cement. 
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