THE) KUKAt, NEW-YORKEK 
825 
Commercial Fruit Culture 
The Chautauqua and Erie Grape Belts. 
Tart III. 
Diseases. —The growers in the Chau¬ 
tauqua and Erie Belt have been particu¬ 
larly favored in the matter of vine dis¬ 
eases. Here again the climate asserts 
itself. Black rot, the most serious of 
grape diseases, is the exception in this 
region. This is explained from the fact 
that during the periods of its infection 
the foliage and berries are kept dry by 
the constant winds that blow from the 
lake, so that the spores do not find suit¬ 
able media for their germination. After 
the heaviest rains and dews, the vines 
are entirely dried in a few hours. Pow¬ 
dery mildew is the commonest vine dis¬ 
ease met with, but the readiness with 
which it can be controlled by spraying 
renders it an unimportant trouble. Some 
vines are annually lost through the dead 
arm disease, but the elimination of all 
manufacturers have been the great price 
stabilizers for the growers of the re¬ 
gion, and as the competition has become 
keener for the best fruit others must meet 
these prices for similar quality or else 
take inferior grapes. It used to be the 
policy of one large manufacturer to wait 
till the price from actual sales of basket 
grapes had been determined, and then 
he would make his price .$5 or more 
higher per ton. Each week throughout 
the season the price was computed in this 
manner. In the Summer of 1914, how¬ 
ever, the minimum $35 per ton was estab¬ 
lished without any reference to the pos¬ 
sibilities of what basket fruit might bring. 
This plan of contract, that early states 
the price to be paid, serves as a stimulus 
to the grower in his care of the vineyard. 
He knows in advance of the harvest that 
an average, well ripened crop will give 
him a fair profit on his investment, and 
knowing this he is likely to bestow a lit- 
A Vineyard that Yielded 4j£ Tons to the Acre. 
diseased wood from affected vines early 
will reduce the loss to a minimum. 
Picking and Packing. —The pickers 
must be thoroughly instructed in the sort 
of fruit that is required, as one or two 
red clusters may condemn the entire 
crate. Then, too, they are taught to han¬ 
dle the clusters carefully so that the ber¬ 
ries be not crushed. When the fruit is 
picked in crates for future packing in the 
packing house, it is not necessary to 
make such a rigid discrimination in the 
field, as the red or imperfect is culled out 
by the packers. That discarded in the 
field along with the waste from the pack¬ 
ing house is sold for the manufacture of 
cheap red wines, so that the only loss 
through imperfect fruit is in the handling. 
Two pickers usually work together, one to 
either side of the crate, which rests on a 
stool or table about two feet high. When 
the baskets are packed in the field the 
same tables arc used. There is a great 
difference of opinion among growers as to 
what should go into a first quality pack¬ 
age. some picking clean, putting every¬ 
thing in and others making a second pick¬ 
ing later. Generally 20-pound baskets 
contain the run of the vineyard, and these 
are largely bought by the wine makers in 
the Eastern cities. New York uses a 
great many cars in these packages. The 
pioneer in grape juice manufacture paid 
$35 for grapes in 1912, $50 to $00 in 
1913, and $35 in 1914. It has been com¬ 
puted by a few progressive growers that 
it costs annually about $500 to finance an 
acre of vineyard. This includes the inter¬ 
est on the investment, taxes, depreciation 
on tools, etc. 
Prices Returned. —The vineyard in 
the picture accompanying this article is 
reported to have yielded 4 y 2 tons to the 
acre in 1914, and as they sold for $35 per 
ton the net profit should have been a very 
fair one. In only two successive years 
during the past six has one high yield fol¬ 
lowed another, so that it is only under the 
exceptionally favorable conditions that a 
four-ton crop is harvested annually over 
a period of years. While it is true to 
some extent that a short crop means an 
advanced price, yet the net income in a 
short year rarely equals that from the 
average to above crop. A few of the juice 
tie more attention to the vineyard details 
that make for more and better fruit. The 
unfermented juice manufacturers have 
been and are a great boon to the vine- 
yardists of the Chautauqua and Erie 
Belt, and the future of the industry prom¬ 
ises even better. f. e. g. 
Local Conditions for Apple Varieties. 
The criticism of my recommendations 
for the varieties of apples for Northern 
St. Lawrence County, made on page 749 
by A. C. W. and C. A. Chapman, illus¬ 
trates very well the point that I made 
last Winter in the columns of The R. 
N.-Y., that writers in the agricultural 
press should be more careful to modify 
their recommendations according to cli¬ 
matic conditions. In stating varieties of 
apples adapted to “the extreme Northern 
New York, bordering on the St. Law¬ 
rence River” I knew it would be neces¬ 
sary to omit some good standard Winter 
sorts, like the Baldwin and the Greening, 
because tin? trees are not hardy in that 
section. Even the Northern Spy, which 
will grow as far north as most of the 
standard varieties, has not proven hardy 
in the northern part of this country. I 
suggested the use of some Summer and 
Fall kinds because the farm in question 
is located within four miles of a thriv¬ 
ing manufacturing town where there is a 
good demand for fruit for immediate’con¬ 
sumption. In speaking of the Snow and 
the McIntosh as choice early Winter va¬ 
rieties, I was again influenced by a 
knowledge of climatic conditions. While 
I was formerly familiar with these two 
excellent apples, in Western Connecticut, 
as choice fruit for November and De¬ 
cember use, I find that here, they are 
not at their best till January and Feb¬ 
ruary. I certainly trust that The R. 
N.-Y. will caution its writers to limit 
their recommendations according to cli¬ 
matic and soil conditions. 
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