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Vol. LX XIV, Xo. 4343. 
NEW YORK, SEPTEMBER 11, 1015. 
WEEKLY $1.00 PER YEAR. 
A Well-organized Milk Dairy. 
Making the Most of 50 Acres. 
M ATERIAL AND CONSTRUCTION.—At Vine- 
land. N. ,T., the Training School, controlled by 
philanthropic persons for the scientific treatment of 
backward children, has established through the 
superintendent. Prof. E. R. Johnstone, a modern san¬ 
itary dairy arrangement that must pro¬ 
duce pure milk and from a cheap ef¬ 
ficient ration, not purchased for the 
most part, but home grown. The barn 
is built on a foundation of concrete. 
It is one-story construction of double 
air-spaced tile, with interior and ex¬ 
terior cement plaster. The roof is the 
monitor type covered with asbestos 
shingles, except an eight-foot width 
running the length of the buildings, 
which is double thickness greenhouse 
glass. Though I have mentioned the 
building as a barn, it may be called a 
cow-house. There is no hay-loft. The 
ceiling is tight, the floors are of ce¬ 
ment. the walls are whitewashed and 
kept in this condition, cobwebs and dirt 
are not to be found. There are 40 
stalls equipped with modern steel 
stanchions and individual feed man¬ 
gers. Well water is conducted to in¬ 
dividual troughs and is before the cows 
at all times. The building stands 
north and south. The glass section of 
the roof and numerous windows admit 
sunshine to all parts of the interior 
some time during the day. A lavatory is provided 
for the use of the milkers where they wash their 
hands before and after milking each cow. Wood 
shavings and clean straw constitute the bedding 
arrangement. Manure is removed two and three 
times daily to a manure house, located SO yards 
away. This building is water-proof and consequent¬ 
ly holds the liquid manure. The floor is of cement 
and slopes to a slump 
hole in one come r, 
which is three feet 
square and four feet 
deep, from which the 
liquid is d r a w n by 
pumping. It was found 
that manure placed in 
the open lost 50 to 00 
per cent, of its strength 
through leaching a n d 
heating. Moreover, it 
was decidedly unsani¬ 
tary, being also a breed¬ 
ing place for files. Plac¬ 
ing the manure in the 
house prevents all this, 
and where straw is used 
as bedding, it has a 
chance to become well 
decomposed. It is con¬ 
sidered more economical 
to use only well rotted 
manure and place it 
all milk being weighed at each milking and taken 
immediately to the milk-house some thirty yards 
away from the cow-house. 
CARE OF MILK.—All milk is separated before 
the animal heat leaves it, first being strained twice 
through several thicknesses of cheesecloth: as the 
milk leaves the separator it is aerated and cooled, 
an inclosed cooler being used. The essentials for 
One of the Profitable Milk Makers. Fig. 413. 
cleanliness are an abundance of water so arranged 
that milking utensils may be readily rinsed out and 
protected from sources of infection. All milk pails 
(small-mouthed milk buckets are used) and cans 
are first rinsed in cool water, then in warm water 
and soda and steam-dried. They are then kept in 
a sun shed built of glass. Milkers never enter the 
milk-house, but hand their milk to an attendant, 
upon the fields in a way that will not conflict with 
other work. There are two silos of the tile type at 
western end of the cow-house, with capacity of 250 
tons. The cutter, motor and blower are all well pro¬ 
tected from the weather by a shed. During the cut¬ 
ting season, the walls of this shed are unhooked and 
taken down. All windows and doors are screened 
against the worst nuisance we have to contend 
with—flies. Individual milk records are kept, 
Dairy Barn at the Vineland, N. J., Training School. Fig. 414 
who inspects same as it runs through the strainer. 
The cows are brushed and groomed from head to 
foot, and previous to milking, the udders are washed 
and dried with a clean towel—all liind-quarters, 
udders and tails are clipped. A chemical solution 
is used during Summer to free the cows from flies. ■ 
Milk from cows suffering from garget or udder 
troubles is not used. No dusty feed is fed during 
milking. All milkers are attired in white 
duck union suits, that are laundered daily. 
CLEANLINESS AND HEALTH.—Cleanliness in 
the cow, in the milker, in the utensils and in the 
stable is the solution of the whole matter, and is 
extremely low in cost when the results are consid¬ 
ered. Tuberculin tests are frequently made to in¬ 
sure the health of the herd. Selection and breeding, 
watching the weights of butter, and fat tests of the 
milk, have given exceptionally good 
results. The aim is to breed in such a 
manner that all stock shall spring from 
good milk producers, and each calf 
born he large, of good constitution, 
from stock free of disease. It is a 
case of having an ideal type, present¬ 
ing a rugged hardy cow, capable of 
consuming a large amount of roughage 
and making good use of concentrated 
feeds, returning in exchange a large 
amount of milk and butter. The pow¬ 
er of discrimination has a lot to do in 
selecting the breeders. 
CARE OF YOUNG STOCK.—The 
necessity of developing the growth of 
the calves from the time they are 
dropped until maturity is fully real¬ 
ized, in order to grow into big milk 
producers. They are fed bone and 
muscle-forming food, but never fat¬ 
tened until a short time before the 
heifer drops her first calf. For some 
time after calving, the heifer is milked 
three, and even four, times a day in 
order to develop her. She should be 
fed to produce a large flow of milk 
the year through, until about two months before 
she drops her next calf, when she should be dried 
off and again be fed, so as to be built up ready for 
another season of hard work. If this process is 
continued it will only take a few such cows to pro¬ 
duce as much milk as some large herds are doing. 
FEEDING CROPS.—Our system is to raise all 
the foodstuffs we can upon the farm. Fields nat¬ 
urally adapted for the 
purpose are kept four 
to six years in Alfalfa 
for h a y. We utilize 
about 50 acres in silage. 
Effort is made as far as 
possible to have our 
fields conveniently situ¬ 
ated to the barns and 
silos. The 50 acres pre¬ 
viously in corn are di¬ 
vided into three equal¬ 
sized fields. We are* 
about to practice a 
three-year crop rotation 
of corn, rye and clover. 
When we first started 
this rotation, we needed 
all the corn silage we 
could obtain from 50 
acres. After the corn 
harvest, the ground was 
fitted for rye. first sow¬ 
ing and harrowing into 
the soil a half a ton of fresh-burned ground lime to 
the acre. Then one bushel and a peck of rye was 
sown to the acre. This procedure kept our fields in 
good condition, conserving the soil, fertility also, 
by preventing leaching. The following Spring, one- 
third of the 50-acre field that was sown to rye is har¬ 
rowed well to form a fine seed bed. about one inch 
deep, then eight quarts of Medium Red clover sown 
per acre. Another third of the land was prepared 
