1308 
THE RURAL NEW-YORK, 
October 30, 1915. 
Live Stock and Dairy 
A Homemade Pasteurizer. 
Circular No. 30 from Cornell Univer¬ 
sity describes methods of making some 
soft cheeses. Among other things it de¬ 
scribes a device for pasturizing milk. 
This means heating the milk to 1-40 de¬ 
grees, holding it there for 15 minutes 
and then promptly cooling. This seems 
to destroy germs without cooking the 
milk too much. The picture given below 
shows the proposed device and the fol¬ 
lowing description is given : 
One very easy method of pasteurizing 
milk, when one of the especially con¬ 
structed machines is not available and 
only a small quantity of milk is to be 
pasteurized, is to cut off the upper part 
of a barrel and insert a steam pipe in 
the barrel. The can of milk to be pas¬ 
teurized is put into the barrel and the 
steam is turned on. Care should be 
taken that the milk is not heated to too 
high a temperature, and it should be 
stirred frequently in order to insure even 
temperature and to prevent a cooked 
flavor in the product. The stirring may 
be done with either a dipper or an espe¬ 
cially constructed stirrer; in either case 
the implement should be left in the can 
and the can kept covered as much as pos¬ 
sible while the milk is being heated and 
cooled, as otherwise contamination is 
likely to occur. The improved pasteur¬ 
izers have a mechanical stirrer. 
Callosities on the Horse. 
The horny growths or excrescences 
upon the legs of horses are of two kinds, 
those just above the knees upon the inner 
sides of the fore legs and upon the hocks 
of the hind legs, being termed “chest¬ 
nuts,” while the spur-like or cone-shaped 
callosity, covered by the hair at the back 
of each fetlock joint, is known as the 
“ergot.” 
Prof. ,T. Cossar Ewart, of Scotland, 
who has carried out many interesting ex¬ 
periments with hybrids of the zebra, 
claims that the callosities in question rep¬ 
resent the foot pads of the ancestral four 
or five-toed horse, which really was de¬ 
void of true hoofs; but prior to the as¬ 
sertions of this authority they were con¬ 
sidered vestigial hoofs. The chestnuts 
are missing from the hocks of the ass 
and zebra, and sometimes from the mule. 
Lay the hand palm downward upon 
the table and it represents the forefoot of 
the prehistoric horse. Through evolution 
the modern horse has lost the thumb and 
first, third and fourth fingers (toes). lie 
now stands upon the middle finger, as it 
were, the hoof being a strong develop¬ 
ment of the original nail of the prehis¬ 
toric finger or toe. The chestnuts are 
supposed to represent the nails of the 
thumbs of the hands and big toes of the 
feet, while the ergots represent the nails 
of the little fingers and toes, but there is 
considerable difference of opinion on this 
subject. There are apparently no callo¬ 
sities representing the nails of the first 
and third fingers and toes. All that re¬ 
main of these fingers and toes are the 
splint bones of the 'fore and hind legs, 
one on each side of the main cannon 
bone. The splint bones of the fore Jeg 
are technically termed small metacarpals 
and those of the hind leg small metatar¬ 
sals. If it is remembered that a horse’s 
knee (carpus) corresponds to the human 
wrist and the hock (tarsus) to the hu¬ 
man ankle and heel, the significance of 
the splint bones, as original finger and 
toe bones, will be better understood and 
in studying the above remarks the reader 
will take finger to mean toe, as the pre¬ 
historic horse went on all-fours. A 
horse’s foot consists of the knee (or 
hock) and all of the parts below, not 
merely the hoof and its contents. As the 
chestnuts of the fore leg are located 
above the knee and foot it is difficult to 
understand how they can represent foot 
pads of the prehistoric horse. No such 
doubt need be advanced relative to the 
character of the chestnuts of the hind 
legs as they are located upon the inner 
lower surfaces of the hock joints. 
The chestnuts and ergots are very 
large and of coarse texture in horses of 
heavy draft type and phlegmatic temper¬ 
ament. Such gross callosities tend to in¬ 
dicate coarseness of hair and skin and 
sluggish disposition. Associated in such 
a combination we may expect to find 
large, spongy bones and soft, open text¬ 
ured hoofs. The opposite is the case 
where the chestnuts and ergots are small 
and dense in texture. The latter kind of 
callosities are found upon the skin of 
light horses of fine breeding, nervous 
temperament, speed, spirit and endur¬ 
ance. The hair of such horses is fine and 
sT-y. the skin thin and pliable, the bone 
co—"act and ivory-like in texture. 
I:i long-pasterned running horses the 
ergots are sometimes found bleeding after 
a hard gallop, showing that they come in 
contact with the ground and so possibly 
protect the fetlock to a slight degree. 
With this exception chestnuts and ergots 
are of no known value to the horse, an 1 
are an eyesore when of large size. Too 
prominent callosities may be reduced in 
size or cut off flush with the skin by 
moans of a sharp knife. It is alleged 
that a vicious horse learns to like an at¬ 
tendant who has rubbed his clothes with 
a chestnut cut from the horse’s leg, but 
there is no proof that this is true. 
A. S. ALEXANDER, M. D. C. 
Equipment of Beehive. 
In July last I captured a swarm of 
bees, and not knowing better, put them 
in a box hive without any foundation in 
the brood frames. Although I asked ad¬ 
vice of neighbors who had kept bees in 
the past, no one seemed to know just 
what to do. After a time the bees would 
hang in large clusters on the outside of 
the hive; I was told to place another 
super of sections on top the first super; 
this I did. Now I find the bees have 
filled 12 sections in the first super, and 
seven in the second super, and have built 
their brood frames in all shapes, in some 
places starting on the floor of the * hive. 
Is it too late to transfer them to a prop¬ 
erly fitted hive which I now have, or 
should I wait till Spring? How shall I 
Winter them over and when can I take 
the sections off the hive? Beekeepers 
l-re say the bees are Italians, and one of 
the largest and most vigorous swarms 
seen in years. j. t. b. 
Auburn, N. Y. 
As you gave the bees no “starter” to 
guide them in building their brood combs 
in the hive, they naturally built to suit 
themselves, and that is not in a vex’y 
orderly manner. If you had equipped 
the hive with frames in which were 
starters or full sheets of foundation, the 
bees would have built straight, separate 
combs which could have been removed 
from the hive for examination without 
destroying them, provided, of course, 
that your hive was of the movable frame 
type. As it is. you may remove your 
supers at any time, the honey flow hav¬ 
ing ceased, and prepare the hive for Win¬ 
ter. To do this you may wait until the 
beginning of settled cold weather, and 
then remove the hive to a dark, dry cel¬ 
lar, where it will not be exposed to a 
light or to other disturbance or you may 
pack it with chaff, leaves or straw and 
leave it on its Summer stand. To do the 
latter, enclose the hive, with the excep¬ 
tion of the entrance, in a box of sufficient 
size to permit packing several inches of 
dry insulating material between the walls 
and top of the hive and the box; then 
put r water-tight cover over all. The 
entrance to the hive should not be en¬ 
tirely closed or permitted to become filled 
with snow during the Winter. The 
easiest and safest way to get increase 
from this swarm will be to wait for the 
new swarms from this one next Spring, 
and hive them properly, though this col¬ 
ony may be transferred at about the 
time of fruit bloom next year, if you de^ 
sire to have it in a movable frame hive. 
M. B. D. 
“I was greatly surprised to find 
Ananias mentioned in the Bible.” “Why 
so?” “I thought that was a political 
term.”—Louisville Courier-Journal. 
Coming Live Stock Sales. 
Northern Pennsylvania Holstein Breed¬ 
ers' Club sale, Dalton, l’a.. Nov. 3-4. 
Ilerefords, dispersion sale of Clare¬ 
mont Herd, Audubon. Iowa, Nov. 3-4. 
Ilolstelus Itidgefield Stock Farm, 
Howells, N. Y„ Nov. 4. 
Duroc swine, O. P. Cramer & Son, 
Summittville, Ind., Nov. 5. 
Ilerefords, North Missouri breeders, 
under management of John M. Herndon, 
C’entralia, Mo., Nov. 10. 
Duroc swine, W. E. Smiley, Payne, O., 
Nov. 13. 
The 7th Consignment Sale, Syracuse, 
N. Y., Nov. 15-10. 1915. 
The first Earlville Holstein Sale, Earl- 
ville, N. Y., Nov. 17-18. 
Duroc swine, Bowman & Mohler, Cov¬ 
ington, O., Nov. 19. 
Shorthorns, C. A. Saunders, Manilla, 
Iowa, Dec. 14. 
Ilolsteins, Madison Square Garden, [ 
New York, Dec. 14. 
Holstein Sale, Madison Square Gar¬ 
den, New York. Dec. 15-10. 
Guernseys, Madison Square Garden, 
New York, Dec. 17. 
Dairymen's Sale, Exposition Park, 
Rochester, N. Y., Dec. 17. 
Benninger’s 4th Consignment ^ Sale—- 
Fair Grounds, Allentown, I’a., Nov. 10- 
11 . 
/ DAIRY CATTLE 
ilr.rr.fr.rA PoHln a.nd Berkshire Swine. Stock of 
nereioru vdlllc all ages and both sexes for sale. 
A usable Valley Farm, Keeseville, New York 
ABERDEEN ANGUS HEIFERS due to calvo 
** in L>ec. Choice stock. Priced right. Send for 
full particulars. C W. ECKARDT, 21 Liberty St., New York 
a bargain7iTS ome Registered Ayrshire Cows 
Also a splendid young bull front a 50-pound cow and 
a good soli of Ho-ries’ Dairy King. 
THE CASKEY FARMS, Richmondville, N.Y. 
FOR SALE 
Otterkill F arm Ayrshires 
15 young bulls, Til! ages, and well bred, from import¬ 
ed sire Howies Predominant, imported three years 
ago, who was bred by Robert Wallace Auchenbrain. 
lie is also for sale. Prices to suit the buyer. Address 
RUDOLPH HESS, Mgr., Washingtonviile, Orange Co. N. Y. 
GRADE GUERNSEYS for Sale 
ily entire herd containing 1G cows and 10-head year¬ 
lings. two-year-olds and calves. 
Fred HI. BENNETT, Mohawk Farm, Fultonviile, N. Y. 
Reg. Guernseys for Sale"i 1 1 (; 2 if ^“ d an a ne C o b w e s‘! 
with size; bred to high-class bull. Also four bulls 
under 1 year, out of good dams; A. R. breeding. 
One each from the following four great sires— Yeo¬ 
man's King of the May, Langwater. Demonstrator. 
Penn of the Mav, and Equality of the Glen. Which 
do you want? Choice$lU0. T. E. HYDE, Bloomsburg, Pa. 
LEDYARD BAY GUERNSEYS 
Do you want a bull 1 I have them. Big, strong, 
growtliy fellows with plenty of bone and dairy ca¬ 
pacity. I must sell to make room. Now is your 
chance to get a bull this fall at half what they are 
worth. Write now for prices and pedigree. 
OTTO W. POST, - Ensenere, N. Y. 
TEN GUERNSEY COWS mirage 947 ibs.FAT 
large and LconorrucoA produclion is Ihe. 
key 4o larger profils. The Guernsey Cow 
Is a sure way lo increased profil ■ 
Shall we send lilerature? 
Guernsey CaWle Club, 
Box R Pelerboro, MU. 
COR SALE-ONE YOUNG A. R. O. HOL- 
■ STEIN COW. Grand individual. Price very low. 
THE CASKEY FARMS, Richmondville, N. Y. 
Holstein-Friesian Bull Calves F f %? a '^Yfai 
offer. THE GATES HOMESTEAD FARM. Cliittenanuo. N. Y. 
Holstein Service Bulls ^.VK^fth^rdi 
up lo 30 lbs. Prices moderate. Write your wants. 
Satisfaction guaranteed. H. V. BUMP, Cambridge. N. Y. 
penny cnR CFPl/IPF- pR| CES, S75.00 to$150 00 
KtAUT rUK OCtlVIVC Registered Holstein and 
Jersey Bulls. Splendid individuals with great 
backing. Best blood in the land. Also younger bull 
calves. Write for list. HOMEWOOD FARMS, RYE, N. Y. 
HOLSTEIN BULL CALVES 
31.09, seven days, 30 days, 134.06. They are extra good 
individuals, all from A. It. O. dams. Write for pedi¬ 
grees and prices. THE YATES FAKMS, Orchard Park, N.Y. 
SPRINGDALE FARMS [ s 0 th b e U y eS Er p lde 
Ilolsteins. 300 fancy cows and heifers to select 
from. F. P. Saunders & Son, Cortland, N.Y. 
Ontario Don Pietj thin half 
white; ready for service. Sire, 35.61 lb. bull; dam, 
royally bred twin lieifer, 18.52 lbs. at 2 yrs., li mos. 
Price, S250, and worth 20 ordinary bulls. Send foi 
pedigree. Cloverdale Farm, Charlotte, N. Y. 
Holstein Service 
to 16 mo. old.) If you are looking for the blood 
which produces world champion cows, write to 
Ira S. Jarvis, Hartwick Seminary, N. v . Prices moderate 
EastRiver Grade Holsteins For Sale 
120 High Grade Cows. The best that can 
he found. SOM U FRESH, balance due 
Oct. and Nov. Come and look them over. 
Stay and see them milked. 
10 Reg. bulls ready for use. 
10 Heifer calves, 0 months old. 
20 Heifer calves, 10 days old. 
JOHN B. WEBSTER, 
Dept. Y, Cortland, N. Y. Bell Phone 14. F. 5 
Reg. Holstein Heifers 
and Heifer Calves 
choicely bred, fine individuals. Well bred 
service bull, $75. Male calves at fanners’ 
prices. 122-acre Alfalfa farm for sale. 
HILLHURST FARM 
F. II. niVEMtl'KGH 
MUN8V1L1.E, N. Y. 
She’s The 
Money Cow 
She makes use of every ounco 
of feed. Her milk is the richest 
of all the breeds in butter fat 
and solids. She is rugged and 
vigorous — will thrive in any 
climate. She milks steadily. 
She is beautiful and gentle. 
She’s the mortgage lifter. She’s 
the cow for the everyday farmer, 
yetshe’s the rich man’s pride,too. 
And she’s the cow for the family. 
Our free book, “About Jersey 
Cattle,” proves these things. 
Send for it now—a postal will do 
—it’sinterestingand instructive. 
The American Jersey Cattle Club 
330 West 23rd Street - New York City 
FOR SALE 
THREE REGISTERED JERSEY BULLS 
One, two and four ' ears old. Solid color. By grand¬ 
son of "Champion Flying Fox”( Lawson's ten thous¬ 
and dollar bull). Dams are among very best cows. 
Mine is a working herd, never pampered or forced 
for big record. In our county testing association 
last year it scored tlie highest, test as a herd and for 
individual cow. Either hull is worthy of consider¬ 
ation from the most exacting buyer. Farm in Rut¬ 
land county, Vt. 1 want to buy a good young bull. 
Co: rospoitdence solicited. Addtess 
J. K. P. PINE, . . Troy, N. Y. 
QUALITY 
FflR Cfll C Jersey Bull, old enough for 
run vHLC service; lie has 8 dams with 
yearly records averaging 10.104 lbs., 2 oz. milk 
and 017 lbs., 1 oz. estimated butter; these dams 
have 14 daughters with ant bent icated records; 
lie also has 15 sires with 251 tested daughters. 
Yve also offei‘720 heifers and heifer calves from 
Register of Merit sires and dams. Address, 
E. W. MOSHER, Prop., or H. E. CROUCH, Mgr. 
BR1GHTS1DE FARMS. AURORA, N. Y. 
■JERSEY S=T- 
LARGE, RICH MILKERS AND FINE TYPE. Three herd hulls, 
a son of Imp. Combination, Noble of Oaklands and 
a splendid St. Lambert. Each from a great dam. 
Yearly tuberculin test. Ulsterdorp Farms, High¬ 
land, N’. Y. (One mile from Poughkeepsie Ferry.) 
Young Jersey Bulls 
from Register of Merit cows, with butter records 
of 573 pounds to 746 pounds, and milk records from 
10,0110 to 13,000 pounds in one year. Bargains for 
quick buyers. Jones’ Jersey Farm, Sauquoit, N. V. 
FOR PRODUCTION S" 
UP. N01 D0WN- 
Registered Jersey bull 
calves, only, from producing dams and highest type 
sires. R. F. SHANNON. 603 Rensliaw Bldg.. Pittsburgh. Pa. 
jvoung Registered Jersey Cows 
breeding. The Caskey Farms, Richmondville. N. Y. 
Purebred Registered 
HOLSTEIN 
CATTLE 
Testing 12,000 Holstein cows in a year. 
Within the fiscal year ending April 30, 1915. 12,000 
purebred Holstein cows we.e entered for tests with 
the advanced Registry Office, a gain of 2,278 over the 
pievious year, These figures tell more forcibly than 
words, the interest of Holstein owners in raising 
the standards of milk production. During the past 
year $30,250 was received for membership fees in 
tho Holstein Friesian Association, positive proof of 
the recogniyon by dairymen of the advantages of 
membership in the largest and most prosperous 
dairy cattle association in tile world. Investigate 
the big ‘‘Black -and-Wbites.” 
Send for FREE Illustrated Descriptive Booklets 
The Holstein-Friesian Association of America 
F. L. Houghton Sec’y, Box 105, Brattleboro.Vt. 
Public Auction 
Thursday, Nov. 4th, 1915 
12 o’clock at farm of Owner 
55 Registered IIolstein-Friesians. 35 large, 
sound, straight, well marked, young A. R. O. 
cows and two year olds; 25 due to freshen this 
winter, cows that milk 60 to 70 lbs. per day, 
normal dairy conditions; A. R. O. records of 
26 lbs. af 3 years and 19 lbs. at two years. In 
breeding world record stock. 10 Bulls 6 to 18 
months old ; good enough to head any herd. 
10 heifer calves. Sale list mailed on request. 
Entire Herd without reservation; Tuberculine 
tested. 
Chas. A. Hewell, Howells, Orange Co., N. Y. 
70 miles west of New York City, Erie R. R. 
GARDEN AND FARM BOOKS 
Vegetable Gardening, Watts .$1.75 
Productive Vegetable Growing, Lloyd 1.50 
Garden Farming, Corbett . 2.00 
Manures and Fertilizers, Wheeler... 1.60 
Farm Manures, Thorne . 1.50 
Farm Management, Warren . 1.75 
Irrigation and Drainage, King . 1.50 
For sale by THE RURAL NEW- 
YORKER, 333 W. 30th St., New York. 
