Tirili KUK^L iNliW-VUKKi-K 
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Storing Ice 
Will you tell how to build an ice house 
to keep ice in Summer? Is a concrete 
basement three or four feet all right, and 
is double boarding or single better? 
Chateaugay, N. Y. j. l. 
The principles involved in keeping ice 
are few, and have been outlined from 
time to time in articles on ice storage 
appearing in these columns. Ice is sim¬ 
ply water from which a certain quantity 
of heat has been removed. This heat 
is continually striving to get back at the 
ice and change it again to water. For 
successful storage then, it is only neces¬ 
sary to keep this heat from getting to the 
ice. There are two general methods in 
use for doing this; one is to build a 
tight house with insulated walls, in which 
the ice is packed without covering. By 
insulated walls is meant walls so con¬ 
structed that the passage of heat through 
them to the ice is hindered as much as 
possible. The other way is to build a 
shed-like affair and protect the ice all 
around by a covering of planer shavings, 
sawdust or similar materials 1% or 
more feet in thickness. 
This is the type in most common use 
by farmers and when the covering of 
shavings or sawdust over the ice is de¬ 
pended upon to protect it from heat there 
is no apparent advantage, aside from ap¬ 
pearance, in the double-boarded wall. In 
fact the single wall seems to have a few 
points of superiority. It is cheaper, and 
being of one thickness of lumber it does 
not hold dampness and rot out as quick¬ 
ly as a double-boarded wall would. Saw¬ 
dust, the most generally used packing 
material for ice, protects it from heat be¬ 
cause of the air spaces it contains. When 
the sawdust is wet much of its insulat¬ 
ing power is gone, heat passing through 
it more readily, probably because a por¬ 
tion of these air spaces are closed by 
packing. Here again the single-boarded 
house has the advantage, because of a 
slight circulation of air through the 
cracks of the building; the sawdust cov¬ 
ering is kept drie- and therefore fur¬ 
nishes more protection to the ice. A 
Power 
- no carat the price has SO MUCH 
house of this type should be built as 
nearly in the shape of a cube as possible. 
Twenty tons of ice stored in the shape 
of a cube will have less outside surface 
to be attacked by heat than when stored 
in any other possible shape, and less 
sawdust will be required to pack it. 
It should be made with open gables 
permitting a free circulation of air be¬ 
tween the roof and the ice, and the board¬ 
ing should be applied horizontally in¬ 
stead of vertically to prevent the sawdust 
from rattling through the cracks. The 
sawdust must extend under the ice as 
well as around it, otherwise much of the 
ice will be melted by heat passing up 
from the ground. A shady well-drained 
location is desirable. A basement can 
be used for ice storage if it is packed as 
thoroughly as would be the case if 
stored in a shed. No dependence should 
be placed on the stone or concrete wall 
surrounding it as both of these materials 
permit heat to pass through them rather 
easily. 
In the case of the basement mentioned 
by J. L., the depth, or lack of depth is 
against its use, four feet being so low 
that .the ice would be packed with diffi¬ 
culty and would require considerable 
packing material for the top and bottom 
coverings, the ice being spread out in 
such a broad flat layer. r. h. s. 
Softening Hard Water. 
A friend has just built a large cistern 
and is told that the water will be so hard 
on account of the Portland cement that 
they will not be able to use it for laun¬ 
dry for a year or more. I saw some¬ 
where, I think in The R. N.-Y., a rem¬ 
edy for this, but have forgotten what it 
was. Will you tell me what my friend 
can do? X. T. h. 
McKeesport, Pa. 
I know of no practicable way of soft¬ 
ening the contents of a cistern that have 
absorbed lime from the walls, though 
boiling will remove some of the hardness 
if that can be done before the water is 
used. Where the rainfall is sufficient, it 
may be best to empty the cistern after it 
has been filled for several weeks and ad¬ 
mit a new supply; with each addition 
of fresh water, the quality of the cis¬ 
tern’s contents will improve and I doubt 
if your friend will find the trouble as 
serious as he fears. m, b. d. 
exce P tion » this new Studebaker 4-cylinder car at $885 is the MOST 
I O WERFUL car on the market at its price. Its motor, INCREASED in size from 3J4 
x5 inches to 3/gx5 inches, develops FULL 40 horse power. And the scores of im¬ 
provements that have been made in the motor design, the high location of the carbure- 
tor, the 6-inch intake, the scientific design of the manifolds, make it not only far more 
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In POWER and flexibility, this Studebaker FOUR equals most of the Sixes on the market. 
And in VALUE, dollar for dollar, it completely outclasses every other 4-cylinder car. 
For Studebaker has set a new standard of VALUE for Fours. Studebaker has lowered 
its price $100—coming down from $985 to $885—and still INCREASED its POWER, 
size and quality. And wherever materials have been changed, BETTER materials have 
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You know the sterling quality that name of Studebaker has always stood for. You know 
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face. And you can appreciate what this car must be when we tell you that it is not only 
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urge you to see it before you decide on any car. The 1916 catalog will be mailed on request. 
Four Cylinder Models 
Touring Car, 7-passenger $885 
Roadster, 3-passenger - 850 
Landau-Roadster, 3-pass. 1185 
Commercial Cars 
Panel Delivery Car - - $875 
Open Express Car - - 850 
Station Wagon - . - 875 
STUDEBAKER 
South Bend, Ind. Detroit, Mich. Walkerville, Ont. 
Address all correspondence to Detroit—Dept. F 37. 
More than S 95,000 Studebaker Cars now In use 
Six Cylinder Models 
Touring Car, 7-passenger $1050 
Roadster, 3-passenger • 1000 
Landau-Roadster, 3-pass. 1350 
Coupe, 4-passenger - • 1550 
Limousine, 7-passenger - 2250 
F. O. B. Detroit 
iwwmuuum 
Engine Prices Down 
. Another fm 
Look 
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2 H-P, $34.95; 4 H-P, $69.75; 
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Other sizes up to 22 li-P^ proportionally low. 
from Factory to User! 
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the 
risk 
IET ME send yon 
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I have proved that to 
thousands who are 
now WITTE users. 
Ed. H. Witte. 
WITTE ENGINES, Sfcmsene,Gasoline&Gas 
Stationary, PortablS 
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. Liberal 5-Year Guaranty 
^^.ET your engine from an engine specialist. 
All myjife I have done nothing but make 
CASH OR 
easy terms. 
I my _ _ _ 
engines. The success ol my customers 
and nothing else, makes my success. 
1 ve simply got to sell better engines. I can’t 
lose money on an engine and make back the 
loss on something: else. My present big: factory 
has been built up only by my engine quality. 
o, iL c , he i\ por . and eas .'. or J? 0W Z a “WITTE” engine than 
without one. My New Offer makes it easier to get 
by n ] aclu ? el y than by muscle or brute 
power. No need now to get along without a “WITTE.” 
New Book Free My New Book— the 
f HOW TO JUDGE i 
an mm 
Ed.H. Witte, Witte Engine Works 1894 Oakland Ave., Kansas City, Mo. 
finest in the whole 
It tells you how to bo 
don’t pick a 
so I cs 
Offer. 
DEAD THIS BOOK. 
BEFORE YOU BUY 
Mr engine 
IT IS SENT FDEF 
FOR THE ASKING. 
1 1894 Empire Bldg., Pittsburgh, Pa. 
