'1' iT fcC KURAL NKW-VUKJ\.liiS 
1401 
RURALISMS 
The Evolution of the Chrysanthemum. 
The Missouri Botanical Garden Bulle¬ 
tin for October gives a history of the 
evolution of the cultivated Chrysanthe¬ 
mum, from which we take the accom¬ 
panying picture, Fig. 518. This shows 
the little Chrysanthemum indicum, a 
single yellow flower found in its wild 
state from Hongkong to Pekin, and a 
garden variety derived from it. 
The Chrysanthemum, in a 16-petalled 
form, is the emblem of Japan, and we 
always associate it with that country, 
but botanists have decided that its or¬ 
iginal home was China, where it has 
been grown for 2,000 years. Its earliest 
known introduction into Europe was 
about 1688, when it was brought to Hol¬ 
land, but soon passed out of existence. 
Nearly a century later living specimens 
give ample space for five or six vines. 
The vines should be about nine feet 
apart and kept well trimmed back. For 
a house of this size it would take 32 hot¬ 
bed sash 3x6 feet, and if it was made 
of glass on two sides it would require 
64 sash. Single-thick glass glassed on 
one side is enough for ordinary climates 
of the Middle States. There is no ad¬ 
vantage in having glass on two sides, as 
the wall on north side is warmer. The 
cheapness of the structures, as between 
glass on two sides and the wall will de¬ 
pend on the price of cement, gravel and 
sand, but the advantage is in favor of 
the wall on the north side as against the 
glass. 
Yes, the planting in such a house will 
tend to force the development of young 
vines so that they will bear earlier, and 
it enables the grower to raise delicate 
grapes that he could not do otherwise. 
Some growers in the far North take the 
vines from the trellis in the Fall out of 
Original Chrysanthemum Indicum at Left; Variety Developed from it at Right. 
arrived in England, probably from Ning- 
po; later three varieties were introduced 
into France, and from this time (1790) 
importations were quite numerous. 
It was in 1827 that M. Bernet, a 
French officei’, raised the first European 
seedling Chrysanthemums. In 1846 Rob¬ 
ert Fortune, a plant collector to whom 
we are indebted for many familiar 
shrubs and other plants, bi’ought from 
China two small-flowered Chrysanthe¬ 
mums, the Chusan daisy and the Chinese 
Minimum, supposed to be varieties of 
the true Chrysanthemum indicum. These 
were much used by hybridizers, especially 
the French growers, and may be regard¬ 
ed as the parents of the present pompons. 
In 1862 Fortune returned from China 
with specimens of the large-flowered Jap¬ 
anese Chrysanthemums, and from that 
time much work has been done by plant 
bi'eeders in improving these flowers. Of 
late years Australian growers have or¬ 
iginated some vex*y fine show varieties. 
Within the past thirty years the os¬ 
trich-plume or hairy type, imported from 
Japan, was hailed as the most remark¬ 
able novelty in Chrysanthemums, and it 
is somewhat surprising to see how quick¬ 
ly this type disappeared from geueral 
culture. The structural oddity of the 
petals did not make up for some appar¬ 
ent defects in constitution, and more 
striking beauty is possessed by other 
types. It would seem probable that the 
greatest development in the future will 
be in the production of hardy garden va¬ 
rieties, and in inci’easing improvement in 
the single and anemone-flowered sorts. 
It is hard to imagine any increase in 
size and finish of exhibition sorts, when 
we see the huge and symmetrical blooms 
of Wm. Turner, Mrs. Drabble, Lady 
Hopetoun, etc., now displayed. 
Grapes Under Glass. 
An article on grapes, page 1239, told of 
raising under glass. Could you give me 
the length and width, number of hotbed 
sash required (whether double glassed or 
not) and about the total cost of the ma¬ 
terial? Also, would this tend to force 
young vines into earlier bearing, and 
could one build a similar structure as 
cheaply using glass on both sides in 
place of the high wall? e. v. d. 
Oak Ridge, N. J. 
The length of the grape house will of 
course depend on the number of vines one 
plants in the house. A house 50 feet 
long, 10 feet wide and 12 feet high will 
doors and cover them with straw, or 
leaves, to help them along, but that is 
a troublesome method and not always 
successful. For the walls a mixtui'e of 
one part Portland cement to 1 % part 
of sand and three parts of gravel will 
make a strong wall. The eemeut will 
cost, at the present market, $1.60 per 
barrel of four sacks. The sand and gra¬ 
vel will.cost various prices, depending on 
the locality. The above mixture for a 
cubic yard will take two barrels of ce¬ 
ment, three barrels of sand and six bar¬ 
rels of gravel or broken stone. This 
mixture will build about nine square 
yards of wall four inches thick. The 
wire fencing for the reinfox’cing will, at 
present prices, cost six cents per square 
yard. I cannot, at this distance, give 
the total cost, but if E. V. D. wishes us 
to make plans and specifications for a 
grapchouse at say 50 feet in length on a 
unit, I can furnish them. 
Michigan. Herman iiaupt, jr. 
Dissemination of Legume Bacteria. 
Can legume bacteria spread from a 
sweet soil, through a sour soil a distance 
of say 400 feet to another sweet soil and 
there inoculate a legume of same variety 
as that planted on first soil mentioned, 
about one year from the time the first 
legume was sown? w. k. c. 
Rock Hill, N. Y. 
It probably would not be correct to say 
that bacteria can spread through the soil, 
as they have no great migratory ability; 
but it is quite possible that in this case 
these organisms have been carried across 
this strip of acid land by wind or other 
mechanical agencies. The March winds 
certainly do blow sandy land about in 
great style, giving good facilities for the 
spi’ead of bacteria. However, it must be 
remembered that cow pea, Soy bean and 
Crimson clover (possibly others), bac¬ 
teria appear to thrive on acid soil, hence 
the strip of acid land need not be consid¬ 
ered a barrier against the gradual distrib¬ 
ution of all leguminous bacteria. More¬ 
over, legumes planted year after year on 
uninoculated soil will inoculate them¬ 
selves. It seems that legume bacteria 
are really present in the soil, but in not 
sufficient numbers to make a showing the 
first year. Usually in the second year fif 
one has the persistence to sow again) re¬ 
sults will be obtained. Often the success 
of the second trial is erroneously attrib¬ 
uted to an outside introduction of the re¬ 
quired bacteria. 
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