218 CONSTITUTION OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA. 
the militia, in such manner as they shall deem expedient, not incompatible 
with the constitution and laws of the United States. 
Sec. 2. Officers of the militia shall be elected or appointed, in such manner 
as the legislature shall from time to time direct; and shall be commissioned 
by the governor. 
Sec. 3. The governor shall have power to call forth the militia, to execute 
the laws of the State, to suppress insurrections and repel invasions. 
ARTICLE VIII. 
STATE DEBTS. 
The Legislature shall not in any manner create any debt or debts, liability 
or liabilities, which shall singly, or in the aggregate, with any previous debts 
or liabilities, exceed the sum of three hundred thousands dollars, except in 
case of war, to repel invasion, or suppress insurrection, unless the same shall 
be authorized by some law for some single object or work, to be distinctly 
specified therein, which law shall provide ways and means, exclusive of loans, 
for the payment of the interest of such debt or liability, as it falls due, and 
also pay and discharge the principal of such debt or liability within twenty 
years from the time of the contracting thereof, and shall be irrepealable until 
the principal and interest thereon shall be paid and discharged ; but no such 
law shall take effect until, at a general election, it shall have been submitted 
to the people, and have received a majority of all the votes cast for and against 
it at such election; -and all money raised by authority of such law shall be 
applied only to the specific object therein stated, or to the payment of the 
debt thereby created; and such law shall be published in at least one news¬ 
paper in each judicial district, if one be published therein, throughout the 
State, for three months next preceding the election at which it is submitted 
to the people. 
ARTICLE IX. 
EDUCATION. 
Sec. 1. The Legislature shall provide for the election, by the people, of a 
Superintendent of Public Instruction, who shall hold his office for three years, 
and whose duties shall be prescribed by law, and who shall receive such com¬ 
pensation as the Legislature may direct. 
Sec. 2. The Legislature shall encourage, by all suitable means, the promo¬ 
tion of intellectual, scientific, moral and agricultural improvement. The pro¬ 
ceeds of all lands that may be granted by the United States to this State for 
the support of schools, which may be sold or disposed of, and the five hun¬ 
dred thousand acres of land granted to the new States, under an act of Con¬ 
gress distributing the proceeds of the public lands among the several States 
of the Union, approved A. D. 1841; and all estates of deceased persons who 
may have died without leaving a will, or heir, and also such per cent, as may 
be granted by Congress .on the sale of lands in this State, shall be and remain 
a perpetual fund, the interest of which, together with all the rents of the 
unsold lands, and such other means as the Legislature may provide, shall be 
