THE AMERICAN-SCANDINAVIAN REVIE 1V 
495 
throughout the southern states and gave the Negro American his first leaders in 
freedom. The best schools and colleges of the race were founded by these mission¬ 
aries, including Hampton, Tuskegee, Atlanta University, Fisk University, and Talla¬ 
dega College. Out of them came Booker T. Washington, Major R. R. Moton, W. E. B. 
DuBois, James Weldon Johnson, and others. All the protestant denominations and 
the Catholic Church have shared in the private school education of the southern colored 
people. These private and church efforts made the teachers for Negro schools and 
raised up the leaders whose foundation work is laying a basis for the solution of the 
race problem. 
There have also been organized several social agencies in which both white and 
colored people are prominent, which devote all their service to the work of bettering 
the relations of white and colored. The National Urban League, with branches in 
various parts of the country, has done an indispensable service in social and indus¬ 
trial welfare work, especially during the great war. They have negotiated better 
relations between white employers and colored working people. The National As¬ 
sociation for the Advancement of Colored People has devoted its energies to bringing 
into disrepute lynching and mob violence and to working for the civil rights of 
colored people, often through the courts of law. Both of these organizations are co¬ 
operative movements of white and colored people. 
There are many helpful agencies for which southern white people themselves 
are responsible, like the Southern University Commission, which by research and 
publication is seeking to establish friendly and just relations between the races; 
and in every southern state there are interracial organizations, state-wide or local 
in their activities, in which white and colored leaders work together for better under¬ 
standing. Notable among these is the Atlanta Plan organization in Georgia; and 
the Interracial Committee of Baltimore, of which the Rev. Peter Ainslie, a white 
minister, is chairman, with white and colored men working together on the committee. 
Some of the white schools in the south have followed the example of Vanderbilt 
University and Peabody Institute (two southern institutions) and have organized 
regular courses of study on the race problem with liberal-minded professors in charge 
of the classes. This will be of incalculable influence in a generation. It is worthy 
of remark that every great movement among the whites, like the Y. M. C. A., the 
Y. W. C. A., and the many religious and non-sectarian educational organizations, 
have branches of their work for the benefit of colored people. 
The most encouraging thing of all, however, is the righteous stand which is be¬ 
ing taken bj^ many of the great political leaders of the south. A decade ago several 
southern governors were outspoken in favor of lynching and disfranchisement, but 
to-day the governors of some of the southern states are prominently known as op¬ 
ponents of lynch law and advocates of a square deal to colored citizens. Governor 
Bickett, of North Carolina, and Governor Morrow, of Kentucky, have had mobs 
fired upon by the militia to prevent lynchings, and Governor Dorsey, of Georgia, has 
been more outspoken than any other white man in the nation to expose the unjust 
treatment of colored people in the south. The southern press, which has such a 
large influence in that section, has in the last ten years grown much more favorable 
to the rights of colored people. And to all this must be added the pluck and courage 
and remarkable self-control of the Negro. 
The great European war which opened in 1914 and which the 
United States entered in 1917, injected some new elements into this 
race problem. Before this war there were comparatively few colored 
people in the northern part of the country. But when the war opened 
and immigration was shut off and cheap European labor ceased to 
come in, the great manufactories and munitions plants of the north 
had to open their doors to Negro labor from the south. The colored 
