327 
THE PRINCIPLES OF BOTANY. 
By Professor James Buckman, F.L.S., F.G.S., &c. 
{Continuedfrom jo. 270.) 
As soon as the aetion of the pollen has fully taken place, 
the floral envelopes begin to wither, and in most cases they 
fall away. In some, however, they remain in the withered 
state, and thus afford protection to the young fruit. In 
clovers both the calyx and the corolla remain after the fruit 
is formed, whilst in the apple the calyx enlarges and becomes 
in fact the bulky part of the fruit itself. But the most re¬ 
markable instance of the calyx enlarging after the formation 
of the fruit will be found in the winter-cherry [Physatis), 
When the floral envelopes remain upon the fruit they are 
said to be persistent; on the contrary, when they readily 
fall off they are called deciduous. A most interesting ex¬ 
ample of the latter will be found in the common poppy, where 
the calyx falls off sometimes before the flower is fully ex¬ 
panded, and the corolla itself seldom maintains its position 
more than a few hours. What then receives the name of 
fruit may briefly be described as the ovary or germen ma¬ 
tured with its included seeds. At the same time other parts 
become adherent in making up what is commonly called 
fruits, such as the bracts in the oak and hazel combined with 
their calyces. 
The fruits of the pear and of the gooseberry are formed of 
the ovaries and calyces combined, while the peach, plum, and 
grape are formed of ovaries alone. Fruits are valued either 
for their whole substance, as the apple, wall-fruits, &c., or for 
their seeds, as the pea, bean, &c. 
In some, as the gooseberry, the sub-acid flavour of the 
unripe ovaries are esteemed no less than the perfectly ripened; 
but in the case of the plum and the cherry, the riper they 
may be the more luscious and indeed the more wholesome. 
In order to show the difference, we copy the following 
analysis of the cherry, by Berard. 
