758 
REVIEW. 
principles; two of which relate to the construction of the 
shoe; and two to the application of the shoe to the foot— 
principles which in our opinion ought to be enforced by Act 
of Parliament. These cardinal essentials we may state as 
follows: 
^^(1) The shoe should he seated as shown at Plate V, 
and in the manner explained at page 17. 
(2) The toe of the foot and the toe of the shoe should 
be curved in a manner to fit each other exactly 
in the way shown and explained at Plate I, and 
as explained at pages 20, 21, 22, and 23. 
(3) The frog of the foot should not, when healthy, be 
pared; and only the exfoliating parts of the sole, 
as explained at Section IV, pages 15, 16, and 17. 
(4) The wall of the foot should not be rasped. 
Such are what w^e designate the cardinal essentials of the 
farrier’s art; and all who own horses, or are in any way 
interested in their comfort and welfare, will do well to study 
the nature of these essentials as explained in the present 
treatise, and thus obtain a full knowledge of their importance 
in their application to the well-being of the foot.” 
Keeping these “ essentials” in view, the author proceeds 
to give direction for the proper performance of the mechanical 
work of removing the shoe, preparing the foot, and fitting 
the new shoe. On the manner of paring the foot, the author 
remarks : 
^‘We have stated that the sole is cast from the foot in 
layers or flakes. Let the farrier remove 07 ili/ those layers or 
flakes which are loose, and which would, if left alone, be 
exfoliated naturally; to go beyond this, is to encroach upon 
what is necessarily the proper protection to the sensitive 
tissues of the organ Avithin. The farrier should be careful to 
remove any undue elevation of the sole within the angle of 
the heels. Such elevations, if left, may grow, and press upon 
the inner surface of the shoe; and corns, as a consequence, 
Avill result. The farrier should also carefully remove all 
loose or broken portions of the Avail, if any exist. He should 
not violently twist or tear them aAvay aa ith his pincers, as is too 
frequently the case, thus inflicting injury on the sound horn, 
as Avell as removing that Avhich is useless; on the contrary, 
he should remove such portions Avith the knife. The ground 
surface of the Avail, Avlien practicable, should be left as fol- 
loAvs:—The loAver border of the hoof, Avhen the animal is 
standing Avith his foot upon the ground (supposing the sole 
to be flat or semi-concave), should be a quarter of an inch 
