PRACTICAL HINTS FOR SHIPPING ANIMALS. 835 
the sides of the ship, and their heads inwards; then two 
middle rows, the animals standing tail to tail, thus having 
their heads facing those whose hacks are towards the sides 
of the vessel, but, of course, with a passage between them. 
On the upper deck there is usually less room, and in ordi¬ 
nary circumstances only one row on each side can he accom¬ 
modated, as space must be left to work the ship. The same 
arrangement of the stalls can be carried out here as on the 
main deck. 
Four rows of stalls disposed in this fashion only require 
two passages, and the width of these need not be consider¬ 
able—five or six feet Avould be sufficient. 
The fittings should be very strong and securely fixed, so as 
not to be displaced in stormy weather. Round, perfectly 
smooth posts should be used, as square rough timbers are apt 
to cut and chafe the animals, especially in a heavy sea. Every 
animal should have a separate stall or compartment, little 
more than the width and length of its body, formed of upright 
posts, and horizontal front, rear, and side bars, but with no 
planking. The side and end bars support the animal; where¬ 
as if the stall he too wide or long the creature is likely to he 
thrown down in a rolling or pitching sea. The side bales or 
spars should be so placed as to prevent an animal falling into 
the neighbouring stall. There should, in fact, he two spars 
on each side, one about a foot and a half from the floor, the 
other about the height of the middle of the animal’s shoulder. 
There should also be one or two front and rear bars—I 
prefer two. All these should be movable, and perfectly 
round and smooth. In China we found the bamboo much 
the best for fittings. A little wooden water-tight manger 
should be made to fix temporarily on the front of the breast 
bar of each stall. Into this, water, mash, or sloppy food 
can be placed when required; and it may even hold hay, 
though this could be more economically used by putting it in 
a net suspended between every two stalls to the stall-post. 
The attendants can supply the mangers and nets on each side 
of the passages without disturbing the animals, or themselves 
running any risk of injury. Each animal should have a 
strong web head-collar with two ropes fastened pretty high 
to the stall-post on both sides. These not only support the 
animal in a rough sea, but they also prevent it injuring its 
companions, and allow the attendants to handle it more easily 
if need be. Slings would not be necessary for short voyages. 
Stalls of this kind are excellent, and save a vast amount of 
room, reduce inconvenience to a minimum, and tend to 
obviate danger to man and beast. 
